Psychology Chapter 7: Learning Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of biological constraints in operant conditioning, and how do they impact an organism's capacity for learning?

Biological constraints limit an organism's capacity for operant conditioning, predisposing it to learn associations that are naturally adaptive, and may lead to instinctive drift.

What is the fundamental concept behind observational learning, and who is the pioneer researcher in this field?

Observational learning is the process of learning without direct experience by watching and imitating others, and Albert Bandura is the pioneer researcher in this field.

What is the primary function of mirror neurons in the brain, and how do they enable imitation and empathy?

Mirror neurons are frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or observing another doing so, enabling imitation and empathy by mirroring another's action in the brain.

What are the prosocial effects of observational learning, and how do they impact behavior in individuals and society?

<p>The prosocial effects of observational learning include enhanced learning of communication, sales, and customer service skills, and increased helping behavior, and they can promote positive behavior and social change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the antisocial effects of observational learning, and how do they impact behavior in individuals and society?

<p>The antisocial effects of observational learning include increased aggression, bullying, and violent behavior, and they can have negative consequences for individuals and society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors influence learning, and what are the implications for educational practice?

<p>Biological factors influence learning through genetic predisposition, psychological factors influence learning through prior experiences and expectations, and sociocultural factors influence learning through culturally learned preferences, and understanding these factors is crucial for effective educational practice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of instinctive drift, and how does it relate to biological constraints on conditioning?

<p>Instinctive drift is the phenomenon of animals reverting to biologically predisposed patterns of behavior, and it is a result of biological constraints on conditioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of vicarious reinforcement and vicarious punishment in observational learning, and how do they impact behavior?

<p>Vicarious reinforcement and vicarious punishment refer to the process of learning through observing the rewards or punishments of others, and they can significantly impact behavior and learning outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Bobo doll experiment in the study of observational learning, and what were the key findings of this experiment?

<p>The Bobo doll experiment demonstrated that children learn through observation and imitation, and that they can acquire aggressive behavior through observing others, and the key findings of this experiment have had significant implications for our understanding of learning and behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the concepts of modeling and imitation relate to observational learning, and what are the implications for educational practice?

<p>Modeling and imitation are key components of observational learning, where individuals learn by observing and imitating others, and understanding these concepts is crucial for developing effective educational strategies and promoting optimal learning outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary way that classical conditioning occurs?

<p>Through association between certain events that occur together (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of the science of psychology, according to Watson?

<p>To study behavior without reference to mental processes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between classical and operant conditioning?

<p>The association between events vs the consequences of behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of acquiring new information or behaviors through experience?

<p>Learning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of behaviorism, according to Watson?

<p>The study of behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of classical conditioning?

<p>To associate two or more stimuli and anticipate events (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is generalization in classical conditioning?

<p>The tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the application of Pavlov's principles in addiction treatment?

<p>To pair a particular taste with a drug that influences immune responses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with developing the concept of classical conditioning?

<p>Pavlov (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between Pavlov's work and Watson's ideas?

<p>Pavlov's work provided a basis for Watson's ideas that human emotions and behaviors are mainly conditioned responses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to actions followed by reinforcement in operant conditioning?

<p>They increase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Skinner box in operant conditioning experiments?

<p>To record an organism's accumulated responses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of operant conditioning?

<p>The impact of consequences on behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to actions followed by punishment in operant conditioning?

<p>They often decrease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of everyday behaviors being continually reinforced and shaped?

<p>They increase in frequency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary way that association occurs in classical conditioning?

<p>Through association: Certain events occur together (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of operant conditioning?

<p>To predict and control behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of learning occurs when an organism acquires new information or behaviors through experience?

<p>Cognitive learning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli?

<p>Discrimination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events?

<p>Classical conditioning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of behaviorism, according to Watson?

<p>To study behavior without reference to mental processes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of actions followed by reinforcement in operant conditioning?

<p>They increase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses?

<p>Generalization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with being influenced by Pavlov's work?

<p>Watson (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do organisms learn in operant conditioning?

<p>They associate their own actions with consequences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of operant conditioning experiments using the Skinner box?

<p>Behavior control through consequences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of applying Pavlov's principles in areas of consciousness, motivation, emotion, health, and psychological disorders?

<p>To influence human health and well-being (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of everyday behaviors being continually reinforced and shaped?

<p>They are continually modified (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of pairing a particular taste with a drug that influences immune responses in classical conditioning?

<p>The taste becomes associated with the drug's effects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do organisms learn to associate in operant conditioning?

<p>Their actions with consequences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the "fight-or-flight" system in response to stress?

<p>Fight-or-Flight System (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stressors are personal events or life transitions?

<p>Significant life changes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the response of women facing stress, according to research?

<p>Tend-and-befriend (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of stress on the immune system?

<p>Stress suppresses the immune system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of stress on surgical wound healing?

<p>Stress slows down surgical wound healing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of low stress on vaccinations?

<p>Low stress increases the effectiveness of vaccinations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of stress on the development of colds?

<p>Stress increases the vulnerability to colds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of aerobic exercise in reducing stress?

<p>Aerobic exercise reduces stress (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the 'faith factor' in relation to health?

<p>Faith Factor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of regular aerobic exercise on life expectancy?

<p>Aerobic exercise increases life expectancy by approximately 2 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of sensory memory?

<p>To hold an exact copy of sensory information for a short time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central executive responsible for in working memory?

<p>Directing attention and retrieving information from long-term memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of iconic memory?

<p>Half a second (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between working memory and short-term memory?

<p>Working memory is an active workspace, while short-term memory is a passive storage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of automatic processing?

<p>To perform tasks without conscious thought (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of echoic memory?

<p>3-4 seconds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of attention in the three-stage information-processing model of memory?

<p>To filter out irrelevant sensory information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between working memory and short-term memory?

<p>Working memory is a subset of short-term memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary motivation behind performing an action, according to the drive-reduction theory?

<p>To reduce internal discomfort (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

<p>That biological needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an instinct, according to the text?

<p>A fixed, unlearned pattern (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between humans and animals like weaverbirds, in terms of motivated behaviors?

<p>The complexity of their nervous system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the instinct theory?

<p>That our behaviors are hard-wired and genetically programmed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the arousal theory?

<p>That we seek a certain level of arousal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the instinct theory and the drive-reduction theory?

<p>One is focused on instincts, while the other is focused on drives (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the four perspectives for understanding motivation?

<p>That motivation is comprised of multiple perspectives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the inability to retrieve information from long-term memory?

<p>Retrieval failure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of interference occurs when old information prevents the recall of newer information?

<p>Proactive interference (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, what is the reason behind motivated forgetting?

<p>To protect ourselves from thoughts and feelings that are too difficult to handle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where wrong information gets mixed into our memory of an event?

<p>Misinformation effect (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do emotional memories tend to stick around longer?

<p>Because they are more emotionally charged (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of proactive interference?

<p>Difficulty recalling new information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between proactive and retroactive interference?

<p>Proactive interference is caused by old information, while retroactive interference is caused by new information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason behind forgetting?

<p>Interference (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using mnemonic devices in learning?

<p>To encode information in memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cognition involved in?

<p>Thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a concept in cognition?

<p>A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a prototype in cognition?

<p>To help sort items into categories quickly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when you move from prototypes to categories?

<p>The boundaries of a category become blurred (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of testing your own knowledge?

<p>It helps to reinforce memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between sleep and memory?

<p>Sleep helps to consolidate memories (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using strategies like SQ3R?

<p>To encode the right information and avoid misinformation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of punishment in operant conditioning?

<p>To decrease a behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of positive punishment?

<p>Getting a speeding ticket (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a drawback of physical punishment?

<p>It increases aggression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an application of operant conditioning in sports?

<p>Using rewards to improve athletic performance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of actions followed by punishment in operant conditioning?

<p>The behavior is suppressed, not forgotten (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an application of operant conditioning at school?

<p>Using software that adapts to how well a student is learning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of negative punishment?

<p>Losing access to a video game (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a drawback of punishment in operant conditioning?

<p>It suppresses behavior, but doesn't forget it (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary driving force behind motivation, according to the drive-reduction theory?

<p>Biological needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

<p>That some needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of an instinct, according to the text?

<p>A fixed, unlearned pattern consistent across a species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do organisms with more complex nervous systems differ in terms of motivated behaviors?

<p>They show a greater range of motivated behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the arousal theory of motivation primarily concerned with?

<p>Finding the right level of excitement or stimulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the instinct theory of motivation primarily concerned with?

<p>Hard-wired and genetically programmed behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between humans and animals like weaverbirds in terms of motivated behaviors?

<p>The complexity of their nervous systems and resulting range of motivated behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of needs in motivation, according to Maslow's hierarchy?

<p>Some needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary motivation behind an action, according to the drive-reduction theory?

<p>To reduce internal discomfort caused by biological needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the arousal theory of motivation?

<p>Finding the right level of excitement or stimulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary driving force behind motivation, according to the instinct theory?

<p>Genetically programmed behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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