Psychology Chapter 7: Learning Overview

Biological constraints limit an organism's capacity for operant conditioning, predisposing it to learn associations that are naturally adaptive, and may lead to instinctive drift.

Observational learning is the process of learning without direct experience by watching and imitating others, and Albert Bandura is the pioneer researcher in this field.

Mirror neurons are frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or observing another doing so, enabling imitation and empathy by mirroring another's action in the brain.

<p>The prosocial effects of observational learning include enhanced learning of communication, sales, and customer service skills, and increased helping behavior, and they can promote positive behavior and social change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The antisocial effects of observational learning include increased aggression, bullying, and violent behavior, and they can have negative consequences for individuals and society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biological factors influence learning through genetic predisposition, psychological factors influence learning through prior experiences and expectations, and sociocultural factors influence learning through culturally learned preferences, and understanding these factors is crucial for effective educational practice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Instinctive drift is the phenomenon of animals reverting to biologically predisposed patterns of behavior, and it is a result of biological constraints on conditioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vicarious reinforcement and vicarious punishment refer to the process of learning through observing the rewards or punishments of others, and they can significantly impact behavior and learning outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Bobo doll experiment demonstrated that children learn through observation and imitation, and that they can acquire aggressive behavior through observing others, and the key findings of this experiment have had significant implications for our understanding of learning and behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modeling and imitation are key components of observational learning, where individuals learn by observing and imitating others, and understanding these concepts is crucial for developing effective educational strategies and promoting optimal learning outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through association between certain events that occur together</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To study behavior without reference to mental processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The association between events vs the consequences of behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The study of behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To associate two or more stimuli and anticipate events</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To pair a particular taste with a drug that influences immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pavlov</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pavlov's work provided a basis for Watson's ideas that human emotions and behaviors are mainly conditioned responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To record an organism's accumulated responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The impact of consequences on behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They often decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They increase in frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through association: Certain events occur together</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To predict and control behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Classical conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To study behavior without reference to mental processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Generalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Watson</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They associate their own actions with consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behavior control through consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To influence human health and well-being</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are continually modified</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The taste becomes associated with the drug's effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their actions with consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fight-or-Flight System</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Significant life changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tend-and-befriend</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stress suppresses the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stress slows down surgical wound healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low stress increases the effectiveness of vaccinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stress increases the vulnerability to colds</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aerobic exercise reduces stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Faith Factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aerobic exercise increases life expectancy by approximately 2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To hold an exact copy of sensory information for a short time</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Directing attention and retrieving information from long-term memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Half a second</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Working memory is an active workspace, while short-term memory is a passive storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To perform tasks without conscious thought</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3-4 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To filter out irrelevant sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Working memory is a subset of short-term memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reduce internal discomfort</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>That biological needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A fixed, unlearned pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The complexity of their nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>That our behaviors are hard-wired and genetically programmed</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>That we seek a certain level of arousal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One is focused on instincts, while the other is focused on drives</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>That motivation is comprised of multiple perspectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retrieval failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proactive interference</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To protect ourselves from thoughts and feelings that are too difficult to handle</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Misinformation effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because they are more emotionally charged</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Difficulty recalling new information</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proactive interference is caused by old information, while retroactive interference is caused by new information</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interference</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To encode information in memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To help sort items into categories quickly</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The boundaries of a category become blurred</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps to reinforce memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sleep helps to consolidate memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To encode the right information and avoid misinformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To decrease a behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Getting a speeding ticket</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases aggression</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using rewards to improve athletic performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The behavior is suppressed, not forgotten</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using software that adapts to how well a student is learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Losing access to a video game</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suppresses behavior, but doesn't forget it</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biological needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>That some needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A fixed, unlearned pattern consistent across a species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They show a greater range of motivated behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Finding the right level of excitement or stimulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hard-wired and genetically programmed behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The complexity of their nervous systems and resulting range of motivated behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reduce internal discomfort caused by biological needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Finding the right level of excitement or stimulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetically programmed behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers