Questions and Answers
How can extinction be avoided with operant conditioning?
Continuously reinforce a behavior, even after it is learned.
Whenever little Bobby cries, his father spanks him. Bobby's father is trying to decrease Bobby's crying through the use of ____.
positive punishment
One of the earliest purveyors of the behavioral model was ________, who noted that cognitive or mental processes have no place in the scientific study of psychology.
B.F. Skinner
Who would have argued that we do not need to directly be reinforced or punished to learn?
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In a typical classical conditioning experiment by Pavlov, a buzzer or tone serves as a(n) ____.
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Presentation of a rewarding stimulus serves as ____, whereas removal of an aversive stimulus serves as ____.
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The law of effect was proposed by ____.
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The case of Little Albert provides insight into ____ through ____.
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Watson and Skinner believed that ____.
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The formation of associations between two stimuli, which occur sequentially in time, is referred to as ____.
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In operant conditioning, extinction occurs because ____.
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Which of the following produces the strongest classical conditioning outcome?
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If conditioning has taken place, the neutral stimulus becomes the ____.
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The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response is called ________.
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A schedule of reinforcement in which the first response after a specified period of time will be reinforced is called a ____.
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____ is the removal of an aversive stimulus that serves to increase a behavior, and ____ is the removal of a reinforcing stimulus to decrease a behavior.
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A child puts her hand on a hot stove. She quickly removes it. This is an example of a(n) ____, and it involves ____.
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Classical conditioning is learning in which ____.
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Miranda comes home late one evening past her curfew only to find her parents waiting up for her. Her father says, 'Miranda, you're late! You may not use the car for an entire month.' Miranda's father is using ____.
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Who was responsible for the classical conditioning of Little Albert?
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Study Notes
Operant Conditioning
- Extinction can be avoided by continuously reinforcing a behavior, even after it has been learned.
- Positive punishment involves administering an aversive consequence to decrease a behavior, as seen when Bobby's father spanks him to reduce crying.
- Reinforcement types: Positive reinforcement involves presenting a rewarding stimulus, while negative reinforcement involves the removal of an aversive stimulus.
Key Figures in Behaviorism
- B.F. Skinner emphasized that cognitive processes are irrelevant to the scientific study of psychology.
- Albert Bandura argued that learning can occur without direct reinforcement or punishment.
- Edward Thorndike proposed the law of effect, highlighting the role of consequences in shaping behavior.
Classical Conditioning
- In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus (e.g., a buzzer) can become a conditioned stimulus when associated with an unconditioned stimulus.
- The development of emotional responses can be explained through classical conditioning, as illustrated by the case of Little Albert.
- The strongest classical conditioning occurs when the unconditioned stimulus and neutral stimulus are presented close together in time.
Behavioral Responses
- Extinction in operant conditioning occurs when reinforcement is no longer provided following a behavior.
- Spontaneous recovery refers to the reappearance of a conditioned response after it has been extinguished.
- A fixed interval schedule in reinforcement provides rewards after a specified period, influencing behavior.
Reflex and Responses
- A child's reflexive action to remove her hand from a hot stove is an involuntary reaction, demonstrating natural reflexes.
- Classical conditioning results in a neutral stimulus triggering a reflexive response after association.
Punishment and Reinforcement
- Negative punishment involves the removal of a positive stimulus to decrease a behavior, as seen when Miranda is denied car access for coming home late.
- The classical conditioning of Little Albert was conducted by John Watson and Rosalie Rayner, illustrating fear responses through learned associations.
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Description
Test your understanding of key concepts from Chapter 6 of Psychology, focusing on operant conditioning and its applications. This quiz covers methods to avoid extinction and the implications of reinforcement and punishment. Prepare to challenge your knowledge and apply what you've learned!
