Psychology Chapter 6: Long-Term Memory

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of rehearsal in memory retention?

To forget information quickly

To move information from short-term to long-term memory

To keep information in short-term memory (correct)

To analyze the physical features of an item

What type of rehearsal is more likely to result in transfer to long-term memory?

Elaborative rehearsal (correct)

Shallow processing

Maintenance rehearsal

Deep processing

What is the main purpose of deep processing in memory retention?

To prolong retention (correct)

To analyze the physical features of an item

To forget information quickly

To move information from short-term to long-term memory

Why do we often fail to remember information?

We never encoded the information in the first place Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of retrieval practice in memory retention?

To undergo consolidation Signup and view all the answers

What is a strategy for prolonging retention in memory?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of not paying close attention to and encoding the details of an item?

Difficulty recognizing the item Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of short quizzes and repeated testing in memory retention?

It has large benefits for retention Signup and view all the answers

What is the phenomenon where people tend to remember the first and last items on a list better than the items in the middle?

Serial-position effect Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of short-term memory?

Temporary changes within neurons Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which lasting structural changes occur in the brain, leading to the formation of long-term memories?

Long-term potentiation Signup and view all the answers

What is the tendency for recall to be better for items at the beginning of a list than for items in the middle of the list?

Primacy effect Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when neurons alter their ability to release neurotransmitters?

Short-term memory formation Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of reconstructing memories from fragments of information?

Memory reconstruction Signup and view all the answers

What is the tendency for recall to be better for items at the end of a list than for items in the middle of the list?

Recency effect Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of long-term potentiation in the formation of memories?

Lasting structural changes in the brain Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism underlying long-term memory?

Long-term potentiation Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of sleep in memory consolidation?

Ensuring consolidation of new information Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the amygdala in memory formation?

Processing emotionally arousing events Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which memories become unstable again?

The act of remembering Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hippocampus in memory formation?

Forming long-term explicit memories Signup and view all the answers

What is the brain region involved in classical conditioning?

Cerebellum Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which neural changes associated with long-term memory take time to develop?

Consolidation Signup and view all the answers

What is the brain region involved in implicit memory tasks?

Striatum Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Long-Term Memory: Memory's Storage System

Serial-position effect: recall of first and last items on a list surpasses recall of middle items
Primacy effect: better recall of items at the beginning of a list compared to middle items
Recency effect: better recall of items at the end of a list compared to middle items

The Biology of Memory

Changes in Neurons and Synapses

Short-term memory involves temporary changes within neurons, altering their ability to release neurotransmitters
Long-term memory involves lasting structural changes in the brain known as long-term potentiation
Long-term potentiation is an important mechanism of long-term memory, underlying many forms of learning and memory
Long-term potentiation involves an increase in the strength of synaptic responsiveness
Neural changes associated with long-term potentiation take time to develop, requiring a period of consolidation
Sleep plays a role in ensuring consolidation of new information

Where Memories Are Made

The amygdala is involved in the formation, consolidation, and retrieval of memories of emotionally arousing events
The hippocampus is critical to the formation of long-term explicit memories (memories of facts and events)
Classical conditioning depends on activity in the cerebellum
Implicit memory tasks, such as learning a sequence of button presses, depend on activity in the striatum

Encoding, Rehearsal, and Retrieval

Rehearsal of information keeps it in short-term memory and increases the chances of long-term retention
Elaborative rehearsal (associating items with stored or factual information and analyzing physical, sensory, or semantic features) is more likely to result in transfer to long-term memory than maintenance rehearsal
Encoding is the initial process of forming a memory, and it is important to pay attention to details to encode information correctly
Retrieval practice is necessary for consolidation of memories, and short quizzes and repeated testing can have large benefits

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Description

Test your understanding of long-term memory, including the serial-position effect, primacy effect, and recency effect. Learn how information moves from working memory to long-term memory.