Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of rehearsal in memory retention?
To keep information in short-term memory
What type of rehearsal is more likely to result in transfer to long-term memory?
Elaborative rehearsal
What is the main purpose of deep processing in memory retention?
To prolong retention
Why do we often fail to remember information?
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What is the purpose of retrieval practice in memory retention?
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What is a strategy for prolonging retention in memory?
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What is the outcome of not paying close attention to and encoding the details of an item?
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What is the benefit of short quizzes and repeated testing in memory retention?
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What is the phenomenon where people tend to remember the first and last items on a list better than the items in the middle?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of short-term memory?
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What is the process by which lasting structural changes occur in the brain, leading to the formation of long-term memories?
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What is the tendency for recall to be better for items at the beginning of a list than for items in the middle of the list?
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What occurs when neurons alter their ability to release neurotransmitters?
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What is the process of reconstructing memories from fragments of information?
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What is the tendency for recall to be better for items at the end of a list than for items in the middle of the list?
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What is the role of long-term potentiation in the formation of memories?
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What is the primary mechanism underlying long-term memory?
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What is the role of sleep in memory consolidation?
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What is the primary function of the amygdala in memory formation?
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What is the process by which memories become unstable again?
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What is the role of the hippocampus in memory formation?
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What is the brain region involved in classical conditioning?
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What is the process by which neural changes associated with long-term memory take time to develop?
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What is the brain region involved in implicit memory tasks?
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Study Notes
Long-Term Memory: Memory's Storage System
- Serial-position effect: recall of first and last items on a list surpasses recall of middle items
- Primacy effect: better recall of items at the beginning of a list compared to middle items
- Recency effect: better recall of items at the end of a list compared to middle items
The Biology of Memory
Changes in Neurons and Synapses
- Short-term memory involves temporary changes within neurons, altering their ability to release neurotransmitters
- Long-term memory involves lasting structural changes in the brain known as long-term potentiation
- Long-term potentiation is an important mechanism of long-term memory, underlying many forms of learning and memory
- Long-term potentiation involves an increase in the strength of synaptic responsiveness
- Neural changes associated with long-term potentiation take time to develop, requiring a period of consolidation
- Sleep plays a role in ensuring consolidation of new information
Where Memories Are Made
- The amygdala is involved in the formation, consolidation, and retrieval of memories of emotionally arousing events
- The hippocampus is critical to the formation of long-term explicit memories (memories of facts and events)
- Classical conditioning depends on activity in the cerebellum
- Implicit memory tasks, such as learning a sequence of button presses, depend on activity in the striatum
Encoding, Rehearsal, and Retrieval
- Rehearsal of information keeps it in short-term memory and increases the chances of long-term retention
- Elaborative rehearsal (associating items with stored or factual information and analyzing physical, sensory, or semantic features) is more likely to result in transfer to long-term memory than maintenance rehearsal
- Encoding is the initial process of forming a memory, and it is important to pay attention to details to encode information correctly
- Retrieval practice is necessary for consolidation of memories, and short quizzes and repeated testing can have large benefits
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