Psychology Chapter 6 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Who is credited with laying the foundation for the study of classical conditioning in psychology?

Pavlov

In Pavlov's study, the UCS was ___; the neutral stimulus was _; and, finally, the CS was ___.

meat; the bell; the bell

Which pair below correctly identifies a stimulus or response in Watson and Rayner's 'Little Albert' study?

Unconditioned stimulus—noise

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies extinction?

Alexis is a former cocaine user. Now that she no longer uses cocaine, her hands no longer shake and her heart no longer pounds when she hears a car pull into her drive, like her dealer used to do in his car. Signup and view all the answers

In classical conditioning, how are the neutral stimulus and the conditioned response related?

The neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

Nature is to nurture what _ is to _.

unconditioned response; conditioned response Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies spontaneous recovery?

Alexis is a former cocaine user in recovery. After a relapse, though, her hands shake and her heart pounds when she hears a car pull into her drive, like her dealer used to do in his car. Signup and view all the answers

_ refers to a decrease in the response to a stimulus when it is presented repeatedly, whereas _ refers to the eventual disappearance of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented.

Habituation; extinction Signup and view all the answers

What process does Janine's reaction to firecrackers and cars backfiring reflect?

generalization Signup and view all the answers

In what way does learned taste aversion seem to contradict the basic principles of classical conditioning?

Learned taste aversion can occur after only a single CS-UCR pairing. Signup and view all the answers

What can we expect after Kenny ate several hot dogs at the baseball game and later felt nauseous?

He will be unable to eat a hot dog at the next ball game he attends. Signup and view all the answers

In classical conditioning situations, the connection is innate, while the connection is learned.

UCS-UCR; CS-CR Signup and view all the answers

What was elicited by the stimuli in Pavlov's dog experiment?

CR Signup and view all the answers

What represents the conditioned stimulus when Natalie's classmates cover their ears as she approaches the chalkboard?

Natalie approaching the board Signup and view all the answers

What does Manny's quick relief from a headache represent?

the placebo effect Signup and view all the answers

What is Jennifer demonstrating when she cries out whenever any flying insect comes too close?

generalization Signup and view all the answers

What suggestion would improve Boris' training technique for his goldfish?

He should turn on the light before he drops the food into the tank. Signup and view all the answers

Watson and Raynor conditioned fear in Little Albert using a ____________ as a CS.

white rat Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an innate UCS-UCR connection?

sneezing in response to pepper Signup and view all the answers

In a particular TV ad, an attractive model is shown with a red Corvette. What is the correct statement about this ad's effectiveness?

The ad will work best if the Corvette precedes the appearance of the attractive person. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sequences correctly arranges the phases of the classical conditioning process, from first to last?

Acquisition → extinction → spontaneous recovery Signup and view all the answers

_____ stimulus is a stimulus that does not naturally bring about the response of interest.

neutral Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Classical Conditioning Overview

Ivan Pavlov established the foundation for classical conditioning, emphasizing the relationship between stimuli and responses.
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) was meat, while the neutral stimulus became the conditioned stimulus (CS) when paired with the UCS, represented by the bell.

Key Concepts in Classical Conditioning

Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" experiment identified the unconditioned stimulus as noise, leading to a conditioned fear response.
Extinction occurs when the conditioned response diminishes after the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented, exemplified by a former cocaine user who no longer experiences withdrawal symptoms upon seeing triggers.
The neutral stimulus transitions into the conditioned stimulus through association with the unconditioned stimulus.

Relationship Between Stimuli

Nature and nurture can be mapped through the analogy of unconditioned response (natural reactions) to conditioned response (learned reactions).
Generalization occurs when a learned response is elicited by stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus, as seen in Jennifer's fear of all flying insects after being stung by a bee.

Unique Phenomena in Conditioning

Learned taste aversion is notable for developing after a single pairing of the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned response.
The placebo effect demonstrates a psychological response where symptoms improve despite the absence of pharmacological intervention.

Practical Applications and Techniques

To improve conditioning techniques, the order of stimulus presentation is crucial; the light should precede food delivery to condition the goldfish's response effectively.
Contextual cues significantly influence classical conditioning in advertisements, where the attractive model's impact is enhanced when associated with the product.

Phases and Terminology

The sequence of classical conditioning phases is Acquisition → Extinction → Spontaneous Recovery.
Habituation refers to a decrease in response due to repeated exposure, while generalization and discrimination involve responding to similar or distinct stimuli.

Innate Responses

The innate unconditioned stimulus-unconditioned response connection is exemplified by natural reflexes, such as sneezing from pepper exposure.
In classical conditioning scenarios, the UCS-UCR connection is innate, while the CS-CR link is learned over time.

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Description

Test your knowledge on classical conditioning and key studies in Psychology with these flashcards from Chapter 6. Learn about Pavlov's foundational contributions and Watson and Rayner's experiments. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of these important concepts.