Questions and Answers
Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because ______________________________________.
so many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned.
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning is called a(n) ________________________.
neutral stimulus
A stimulus that acquires reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer is called a ____________ reinforcer.
conditioned
Taking away the driver's license of a reckless teen driver is intended to serve as ___________________.
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Mirror neurons are believed by some scientists to provide a biological basis for _______________ learning.
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Acquiring new habits best illustrates the process of _________.
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Children of abusive parents often learn to be aggressive by imitating their parents. This illustrates the importance of ______________________.
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In a well-known experiment, pre-school children pounded and kicked a large inflatable Bobo doll that an adult had just beaten on. This experiment served to illustrate the importance of _________________________.
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Psychologists define learning as the process of ___________________________.
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A partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response that occurs after an unpredictable period of time is a _______________ schedule.
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After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a white rabbit. This best illustrates the process of ___________________.
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An event that strengthens the behavior it follows is a(n) ______________.
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Extinction occurs when a ___________ is no longer paired with a _____________________.
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A dog salivates to the sound of a tone because the tone has regularly been associated with the delivery of food. In this case, the tone is called a(n) ________________.
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Learning that same responses, but not others, will be reinforced is called ___________.
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A stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n) ______________________.
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It's easier to train a pigeon to peck a disk for food rewards than to flap its wings for food rewards. This illustrates the importance of _____________________________ in learning.
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Negative reinforcers _______________ the rate of operant responding, and punishments _____________ the rate of operant responding.
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Shaping is a(n) _________________________ procedure.
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The reappearance, after a time lapse, of an extinguished CR is called _______________.
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A ____________ is a chamber containing a bar/key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward.
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The way slot machines reward gamblers with money best illustrates ___________.
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If rats are allowed to wander through a complicated maze, they will subsequently run the maze with few errors when a food reward is placed at the end. Their good performance demonstrates _____________.
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In which form of learning is behavior influenced by its consequences?
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Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of _______ learning.
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Study Notes
Classical Conditioning
- Pavlov's work demonstrated that many species, including humans, can undergo classical conditioning, showing the broad relevance of this learning process.
- A neutral stimulus is one that initially elicits no response until it is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
- Generalization occurs when a conditioned response is elicited by stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.
Reinforcement and Punishment
- Conditioned reinforcers gain their power through association with primary reinforcers, enhancing their role in learning.
- Negative punishment involves removing a desirable stimulus, like a driver's license, to decrease a behavior.
- Positive reinforcers are stimuli that, when presented, increase the likelihood of a behavior, while negative reinforcers serve to increase behavior by removing undesirable stimuli.
Observational Learning
- Mirror neurons may provide a biological foundation for observational learning, allowing individuals to learn by watching others.
- Observational learning emphasizes imitation, as seen in children of abusive parents adopting aggressive behaviors they witness.
- The Bobo doll experiment highlighted the significance of observational learning in shaping behavior through modeled aggression.
Learning Processes
- Learning is defined as acquiring new information or behaviors, with new habits reflecting this process.
- Discrimination refers to the ability to differentiate between responses that lead to reinforcement versus those that do not.
- Latent learning occurs when knowledge is acquired without immediate reinforcement, demonstrated by rats navigating a maze effectively when provided a reward later.
Schedules of Reinforcement
- Variable-interval reinforcement schedules provide rewards at unpredictable times, leading to consistent responses.
- Partial reinforcement, exemplified by slot machines, supports behavior persistence by providing rewards irregularly.
Extinction and Recovery
- Extinction happens when a conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulus, leading to a diminished conditioned response.
- Spontaneous recovery refers to the re-emergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a break.
Experimental Tools and Concepts
- The Skinner Box is utilized in operant conditioning to study behavior through reinforcement strategies.
- Shaping involves reinforcing successive approximations of a target behavior, essential for complex learning tasks.
Biological Influences
- Biological predispositions play a crucial role in learning, as seen in the example where it's easier to train pigeons to peck for food than to flap their wings.
Overall Learning Paradigms
- Both classical and operant conditioning reflect associative learning, whereby behaviors are influenced by their consequences.
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Description
Test your knowledge on classical conditioning with this flashcard quiz. Explore concepts such as Pavlov's research and the roles of different stimuli in the conditioning process. Perfect for psychology students looking to reinforce their understanding of foundational theories.
