Questions and Answers
David's boss is using ____________.
negative reinforcement
Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and consequently to anticipate events?
Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating what they do or say is called _________ learning.
observational
In Grace's example, squirming and giggling is a(n)_______________.
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Which reinforcement schedule is it when Francis receives $1 for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather?
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Ron does not demonstrate the skill he was taught until his end-of-the-year math test. This is an example of______________.
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What is an example of latent learning?
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If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior_________________.
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What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's Experiment with dogs?
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Identify the major flaw with John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment.
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Police pulling drivers over and giving prizes for buckling up is an example of what?
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Suspending a basketball player for committing a flagrant foul is an example of what?
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A soccer player rolls her eyes at a teammate who delivered a bad pass is an example of what?
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A child snaps her fingers until her teacher calls on her is an example of what?
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A hospital patient is allowed extra visiting time after eating a complete meal, is an example of what?
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A rat presses a lever to terminate a shock or a loud tone is an example of what?
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Receiving a city utility discount for participating in a recycling program is an example of what?
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Grounding a teenager until his or her homework is finished is an example of what?
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Scolding a child for playing in the street is an example of what?
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A prisoner loses TV privileges for one week for a rule violation. Is this an example of what?
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A parent nagging a child to clean up her room is an example of what?
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A professor gives extra credit to students with perfect attendance. Is this an example of what?
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A dog is banished to his doghouse after soiling the living room carpet. Is this an example of what?
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A defendant is harassed and tortured until he confessed. Is this an example of what?
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A young child receives $5 for earning good grades in school is an example of what?
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A mother smiles when her child utters 'mama'. Is this an example of what?
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A child is put into timeout for misbehaving. Is this an example of what?
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Employee of the month gets a reserved parking spot. Is this an example of what?
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At a party, a husband becomes sullen when his wife flirts with a colleague. Is this an example of what?
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A woman watching a football game offers her child candy to play quietly. Is this an example of what?
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Study Notes
Reinforcement and Learning Concepts
- Negative Reinforcement: Involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase a desired behavior, such as being excused from an unwanted event for meeting a goal.
- Positive Reinforcement: Adds a pleasant stimulus to reinforce a behavior, like receiving a reward for compliance or good performance.
Learning Theories
- Classical Conditioning: A learning process where associations are formed between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus, leading to anticipatory responses.
- Observational Learning: Learning that occurs by watching others and imitating their actions, demonstrating how behaviors can be learned without direct experience.
Responses in Conditioning
- Conditioned Response: A learned reaction to a previously neutral stimulus, demonstrated by involuntary reactions like squirming upon hearing a whistle, previously associated with tickling.
Reinforcement Schedules and Types
- Fixed Ratio Schedule: Reward given after a specific number of responses, illustrated by earning money based on the number of items produced or delivered.
- Latent Learning: Knowledge that is acquired but not immediately demonstrated, such as recalling directions only when necessary.
Behavioral Examples in Reinforcement
- Positive Reinforcement Examples: Receiving rewards (e.g., money, smiles) for good behavior or performance (e.g., attendance).
- Negative Reinforcement Examples: Actions that lead to the removal of unpleasant circumstances, such as stopping a shock or nagging by fulfilling a requirement.
- Punishment Examples: Implementing negative consequences to deter unwanted behaviors, such as scolding or timeouts.
Ethical Considerations in Psychology
- Concerns regarding experiments that induce fear or stress, highlighting the importance of ethical treatment in psychological research.
Social Learning Theory Implications
- Suggests that children model behaviors seen in media, particularly if such behaviors are rewarded, contributing to the understanding of aggression and other behaviors.
Summary of Conditioning Studies
- Pavlov’s Experiment: Demonstrated classical conditioning through pairing stimuli to elicit conditioned responses, emphasizing the association learning process.
- Little Albert Experiment: Raised ethical questions regarding the induction of fear in subjects, sparking discussions on research ethics.
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Description
Test your knowledge with these flashcards on key concepts from Psychology Chapter 6. Focus areas include negative reinforcement, classical conditioning, and more. Perfect for quick reviews and enhancing memory retention.
