Operant Conditioning: Positive and Negative Reinforcement
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?

  • A dog learns to sit by receiving a treat (correct)
  • A child receives a time-out for misbehaving
  • A person wears a seatbelt to avoid the annoying beeping sound
  • A student's phone is taken away for misbehaving in class

    • What is the primary goal of punishment?

  • To increase the frequency of a behavior
  • To provide a stimulus to the environment
  • To decrease the frequency of a behavior (correct)
  • To remove a stimulus from the environment

    • What is the main difference between positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement?

  • The type of behavior being reinforced
  • The type of stimulus being used (correct)
  • The frequency of the behavior
  • The duration of the behavior

    • What is the purpose of extinction in operant conditioning?

    <p>To decrease the frequency of a behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement?

    <p>Reinforcement is given after a fixed number of responses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a fixed interval schedule and a variable interval schedule?

    <p>The predictability of the reinforcement time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

    <p>A person wears a seatbelt to avoid the annoying beeping sound (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of shaping behavior?

    <p>To teach a new behavior through gradual reinforcement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Operant Conditioning

    Positive Reinforcement

    • A stimulus is added to the environment to increase the frequency of a behavior
    • The stimulus is pleasing or satisfying to the individual
    • Example: A child cleans their room, and as a result, they receive a sticker or praise

    Negative Reinforcement

    • A stimulus is removed from the environment to increase the frequency of a behavior
    • The stimulus is unpleasant or aversive to the individual
    • Example: A person puts on their seatbelt to avoid the annoying beeping sound in their car

    Punishment

    • A stimulus is added to the environment to decrease the frequency of a behavior
    • The stimulus is unpleasant or aversive to the individual
    • Example: A child touches a hot stove and receives a burn, resulting in a decrease in the behavior of touching the stove

    Extinction

    • A stimulus that was previously reinforcing is removed from the environment
    • The goal is to decrease the frequency of a behavior
    • Example: A child throws a tantrum to get attention, but the parent ignores them, resulting in a decrease in the tantrum behavior

    Schedules of Reinforcement

    • Fixed Ratio Schedule: Reinforcement is given after a fixed number of responses
    • Variable Ratio Schedule: Reinforcement is given after an unpredictable number of responses
    • Fixed Interval Schedule: Reinforcement is given after a fixed amount of time
    • Variable Interval Schedule: Reinforcement is given after an unpredictable amount of time

    Shaping Behavior

    • A process of gradually building a complex behavior by reinforcing successive approximations
    • The goal is to teach a new behavior through gradual reinforcement
    • Example: Teaching a dog to roll over by first reinforcing it for sitting, then for lying down, and finally for rolling over

    Operant Conditioning

    Types of Reinforcement

    • Positive Reinforcement: A pleasing stimulus is added to increase behavior frequency, e.g., a child receives a sticker for cleaning their room
    • Negative Reinforcement: An unpleasant stimulus is removed to increase behavior frequency, e.g., a person puts on their seatbelt to avoid the annoying beeping sound

    Reducing Behavior

    • Punishment: An unpleasant stimulus is added to decrease behavior frequency, e.g., a child receives a burn from touching a hot stove, resulting in decreased stove-touching behavior
    • Extinction: A previously reinforcing stimulus is removed to decrease behavior frequency, e.g., a child's tantrum behavior decreases when their parent ignores them

    Schedules of Reinforcement

    • Fixed Ratio: Reinforcement after a fixed number of responses
    • Variable Ratio: Reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses
    • Fixed Interval: Reinforcement after a fixed amount of time
    • Variable Interval: Reinforcement after an unpredictable amount of time

    Shaping Behavior

    • A process of gradually building a complex behavior by reinforcing successive approximations
    • Goal is to teach a new behavior through gradual reinforcement, e.g., teaching a dog to roll over by reinforcing sitting, lying down, and finally rolling over

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    Description

    Learn about the key principles of operant conditioning, including positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement, with examples and explanations.

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