Psychology Chapter 6 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is learning?

Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice.

What is classical conditioning?

Learning in which one learns an involuntary response when a stimulus that normally causes a particular response is paired with a new, neutral stimulus.

What is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response.

What is an unconditioned response (UCR)?

An involuntary response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What is a neutral stimulus (NS)?

A stimulus that has no effect on the desired response. Signup and view all the answers

What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?

A stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What is a conditioned response (CR)?

A learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What is Pavlov's experiment about?

It demonstrates classical conditioning through the association of a bell sound with food, leading to salivation. Signup and view all the answers

What is a conditioned emotional response (CER)?

An emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

What is vicarious conditioning?

Classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person. Signup and view all the answers

What is conditioned taste aversion?

Development of a nauseated or aversive response to a particular taste followed by a nausea reaction. Signup and view all the answers

What is biological preparedness?

The tendency of animals to learn certain associations due to their survival value. Signup and view all the answers

What is operant conditioning?

The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences. Signup and view all the answers

What is continuous reinforcement?

The reinforcement of each and every correct response. Signup and view all the answers

What is partial reinforcement?

The tendency for a response reinforced after some correct responses to be very resistant to extinction. Signup and view all the answers

What is fixed interval?

A schedule of reinforcement where the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement is always the same. Signup and view all the answers

What is variable interval?

A schedule of reinforcement where the interval of time that must pass is different for each trial. Signup and view all the answers

What is fixed ratio?

A schedule of reinforcement where the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same. Signup and view all the answers

What is variable ratio?

A schedule of reinforcement where the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Learning Concepts

Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience or practice, exemplified by activities like riding a bike.

Classical Conditioning

Involuntary learning process where a previously neutral stimulus becomes associated with an involuntary response through pairing with an unconditioned stimulus.
Key example: Pavlov's experiment with dogs, where a bell (neutral stimulus) was paired with food (unconditioned stimulus), eventually leading to salivation (conditioned response) in response to the bell alone.

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

A stimulus that naturally elicits an involuntary response without prior learning.
Example: Food presented to a dog, triggering salivation.

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

The involuntary reflex action resulting from an unconditioned stimulus.
Example: Salivation in dogs when food is presented.

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

A stimulus that initially has no effect on the desired response until it is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
Example: The bell in Pavlov's experiment before it is associated with food.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A previously neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, begins to elicit a conditioned response.
Example: The bell after being conditioned with food.

Conditioned Response (CR)

The learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus.
Example: Salivating after hearing the bell, without the presence of food.

Pavlov's Experiment Breakdown

Before conditioning: Bell does not cause salivation.
During conditioning: Bell rings before food, leading to salivation.
After conditioning: Bell alone causes salivation, establishing the bell as the conditioned stimulus.

Conditioned Emotional Response (CER)

Emotional reactions that have been classically conditioned to certain stimuli, such as fear or attraction.
Example: Feeling fear when seeing a dog due to prior negative experiences.

Vicarious Conditioning

Classical conditioning that occurs by observing the reactions of others.
Example: Feeling sad after witnessing someone cry.

Conditioned Taste Aversion

A learned aversion to specific tastes after experiencing nausea following the consumption of that taste, often requiring only one pairing.
Example: Developing an aversion to Indian food after feeling sick from it.

Biological Preparedness

The innate tendency of organisms to learn certain associations more easily than others due to survival advantages.
Example: Quick learning of food aversions for survival.

Operant Conditioning

The process of learning voluntary behaviors through consequences, which can be positive (reinforcement) or negative (punishment).

Reinforcement Schedules

Continuous Reinforcement: Reinforcement is provided after every correct response.
Partial Reinforcement: Responses are reinforced only occasionally, leading to higher resistance to extinction.

Interval and Ratio Schedules

Fixed Interval: Reinforcement is given after a set period of time.
Variable Interval: Reinforcement is given after varying periods of time.
Fixed Ratio: A specific number of responses are required for reinforcement.
Variable Ratio: The number of responses needed for reinforcement changes unpredictably.

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Explore key concepts in Psychology Chapter 6 through flashcards designed to enhance your learning. This chapter covers essential topics like classical conditioning and the process of learning. Perfect for quick revision and grasping core behavioral principles.