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How do experiences shape learning?
How do experiences shape learning?
Learning involves relatively permanent changes in the state of a learner, brought about by experiences. These changes occur in the nervous system and often result in observable changes in behavior.
What is the relationship between changes in the nervous system, changes in behaviour, and learning?
What is the relationship between changes in the nervous system, changes in behaviour, and learning?
Changes in the nervous system, brought about by experiences, lead to changes in behaviour, which we define as learning.
Describe how even simple organisms like Aplysia can exhibit learning.
Describe how even simple organisms like Aplysia can exhibit learning.
Aplysia, a simple sea slug, demonstrates learning through habituation and sensitization of its gill withdrawal reflex (GWR). Repeated gentle touches lead to a decrease in the GWR (habituation), while a strong stimulus like an electric shock can lead to an increased GWR (sensitization).
Habituation is an increase in a behavioral response after repeated exposure to a non-threatening stimulus.
Habituation is an increase in a behavioral response after repeated exposure to a non-threatening stimulus.
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Sensitization is a decrease in behavioral response after repeated exposure to a non-threatening stimulus.
Sensitization is a decrease in behavioral response after repeated exposure to a non-threatening stimulus.
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Who is known for their groundbreaking work in classical conditioning?
Who is known for their groundbreaking work in classical conditioning?
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Define classical conditioning and provide an example.
Define classical conditioning and provide an example.
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Describe the basic process of classical conditioning.
Describe the basic process of classical conditioning.
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What is an unconditioned stimulus (US) and provide an example.
What is an unconditioned stimulus (US) and provide an example.
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What is an unconditioned response (UR) and provide an example.
What is an unconditioned response (UR) and provide an example.
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What is the primary goal of classical conditioning?
What is the primary goal of classical conditioning?
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What is a neutral stimulus (NS) and provide an example.
What is a neutral stimulus (NS) and provide an example.
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Explain the concept of second-order conditioning and give an example.
Explain the concept of second-order conditioning and give an example.
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What is the typical time range for effective pairing of a CS and US in classical conditioning?
What is the typical time range for effective pairing of a CS and US in classical conditioning?
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What is the acquisition phase in classical conditioning?
What is the acquisition phase in classical conditioning?
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Define extinction in classical conditioning and provide an example.
Define extinction in classical conditioning and provide an example.
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What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
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Define generalization in classical conditioning and give an example.
Define generalization in classical conditioning and give an example.
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Define discrimination in classical conditioning and provide an example.
Define discrimination in classical conditioning and provide an example.
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Explain the Rescorla-Wagner model and its implications for classical conditioning.
Explain the Rescorla-Wagner model and its implications for classical conditioning.
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Explain why safe injection sites can be considered a classical conditioning scenario.
Explain why safe injection sites can be considered a classical conditioning scenario.
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What is the role of the cerebellum in classical conditioning?
What is the role of the cerebellum in classical conditioning?
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What role does the amygdala play in classical conditioning?
What role does the amygdala play in classical conditioning?
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Describe the neural pathway activated in classical conditioning.
Describe the neural pathway activated in classical conditioning.
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Explain the evolutionary basis of classical conditioning and provide an example.
Explain the evolutionary basis of classical conditioning and provide an example.
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What type of behaviours are associated with classical conditioning?
What type of behaviours are associated with classical conditioning?
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Define operant conditioning and provide an example.
Define operant conditioning and provide an example.
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Who is known for their contribution to operant conditioning and what was their key experiment?
Who is known for their contribution to operant conditioning and what was their key experiment?
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What are instrumental behaviors in operant conditioning?
What are instrumental behaviors in operant conditioning?
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Define Thorndike's Law of Effect.
Define Thorndike's Law of Effect.
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What is operant behavior and how does it relate to reinforcement and punishment?
What is operant behavior and how does it relate to reinforcement and punishment?
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Define reinforcement and provide an example.
Define reinforcement and provide an example.
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What is punishment and provide an example.
What is punishment and provide an example.
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Explain the difference between positive and negative reinforcement.
Explain the difference between positive and negative reinforcement.
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What is the difference between positive and negative punishment?
What is the difference between positive and negative punishment?
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Define primary reinforcers and provide an example.
Define primary reinforcers and provide an example.
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Define secondary reinforcers and provide an example.
Define secondary reinforcers and provide an example.
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How does delaying reinforcement affect the effectiveness of operant conditioning?
How does delaying reinforcement affect the effectiveness of operant conditioning?
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Define extinction in operant conditioning and provide an example.
Define extinction in operant conditioning and provide an example.
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What is spontaneous recovery in operant conditioning?
What is spontaneous recovery in operant conditioning?
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List the six schedules of reinforcement in operant conditioning.
List the six schedules of reinforcement in operant conditioning.
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Define interval schedules in operant conditioning.
Define interval schedules in operant conditioning.
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Define ratio schedules in operant conditioning.
Define ratio schedules in operant conditioning.
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What is a fixed interval (FI) schedule and provide an example?
What is a fixed interval (FI) schedule and provide an example?
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What is a variable interval (VI) schedule and provide an example?
What is a variable interval (VI) schedule and provide an example?
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What is a fixed ratio (FR) schedule and provide an example?
What is a fixed ratio (FR) schedule and provide an example?
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What is a variable ratio (VR) schedule and provide an example?
What is a variable ratio (VR) schedule and provide an example?
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What is intermittent reinforcement and how does it relate to the intermittent reinforcement effect?
What is intermittent reinforcement and how does it relate to the intermittent reinforcement effect?
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Define shaping in operant conditioning and provide an example.
Define shaping in operant conditioning and provide an example.
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What is latent learning and provide an example?
What is latent learning and provide an example?
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What is a cognitive map and how does it relate to latent learning?
What is a cognitive map and how does it relate to latent learning?
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Describe the brain structures involved in operant conditioning.
Describe the brain structures involved in operant conditioning.
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Explain the evolutionary perspective of operant conditioning and provide an example.
Explain the evolutionary perspective of operant conditioning and provide an example.
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Define observational learning and provide an example.
Define observational learning and provide an example.
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What is a diffusion chain in observational learning?
What is a diffusion chain in observational learning?
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How does observational learning occur between humans and animals?
How does observational learning occur between humans and animals?
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What are mirror neurons and how are they involved in observational learning?
What are mirror neurons and how are they involved in observational learning?
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Explain the difference between implicit and explicit learning.
Explain the difference between implicit and explicit learning.
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What are the neural differences between implicit and explicit learning?
What are the neural differences between implicit and explicit learning?
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Why are disturbed practice and practice testing effective study techniques?
Why are disturbed practice and practice testing effective study techniques?
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Distinguish between low-utility and high-utility study techniques and provide an example of each.
Distinguish between low-utility and high-utility study techniques and provide an example of each.
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What is the difference between disturbed practice and massed practice, and which method is more effective for long-term retention?
What is the difference between disturbed practice and massed practice, and which method is more effective for long-term retention?
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Explain the difference between interleaved practice and blocked practice, and which is more effective in certain subjects like math.
Explain the difference between interleaved practice and blocked practice, and which is more effective in certain subjects like math.
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What are the benefits of practice testing?
What are the benefits of practice testing?
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Explain how judgments of learning (JOLs) can trick us into false confidence.
Explain how judgments of learning (JOLs) can trick us into false confidence.
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Study Notes
Learning Processes
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Learning is defined as how experiences alter a learner's state, creating lasting changes in the nervous system, ultimately impacting behavior.
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Even simple organisms show learning through habituation and sensitization. Habituation involves a decreased response to a repeated stimulus, while sensitization increases responsiveness to subsequent stimuli.
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Classical conditioning (CC), pioneered by Ivan Pavlov, involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus (US) that naturally triggers a response. This pairing creates a conditioned stimulus (CS) that, alone, elicits a conditioned response (CR).
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Key features of CC include acquisition (pairing CS & US), extinction (weakening of CR with repeated CS presentation without US), spontaneous recovery (reappearance of CR after a rest period), generalization (responding to similar stimuli as the CS), and discrimination (distinguishing between similar, but distinct stimuli).
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The Rescorla-Wagner model highlights the role of expectations in CC, suggesting conditioned stimuli predict outcomes. Evolutionary factors influence CC, with biological preparedness for associations contributing to survival.
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CC primarily relates to reactive, involuntary behaviors.
Operant Conditioning (OC)
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Operant conditioning, a key concept examined by Edward Thorndike and B.F. Skinner, emphasizes how consequences shape behavior. A satisfying behavior is more likely to be repeated (law of effect).
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OC involves operants (behaviors that impact the environment). Reinforcement (positive or negative) increases behavior likelihood, while punishment decreases it.
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Primary reinforcers fulfill basic biological needs, while secondary reinforcers gain their power through association with primary reinforcers.
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Schedules of reinforcement (fixed interval, variable interval, fixed ratio, variable ratio) affect how often and when behaviors are reinforced, influencing the persistence and frequency of those behaviors. Intermittent reinforcement is less predictable yet more resistant to extinction.
Shaping, Latent Learning, and Cognitive Maps
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Shaping gradually guides behavior toward a desired outcome by reinforcing successive approximations.
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Latent learning occurs when learning takes place but is not immediately evident in overt behavior until later, suggesting a cognitive map (mental representation of the environment) is involved.
Observational Learning
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Observational learning, demonstrated by Albert Bandura, involves learning by observing others' actions. A diffusion chain exemplifies how behaviors spread through a group.
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Mirror neurons in the frontal and parietal lobes may play a crucial role in observational learning, as they fire when an individual performs an action or observes someone else performing that action.
Implicit Learning and Study Techniques
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Implicit learning occurs largely outside conscious awareness.
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Disturbed practice, interleaved practice, and practice testing are highly effective study techniques. These techniques promote deeper learning and retention compared to passive methods. Interleaved practice mixes different learning materials to enhance performance.
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Description
This quiz explores key concepts in learning processes, including habituation, sensitization, and classical conditioning. Understand how experiences shape behavior and the underlying mechanisms that drive these changes. Test your knowledge of important terms and principles related to learning.