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Questions and Answers
What does the Thurstone Scale measure?
What does the Thurstone Scale measure?
Which method includes counter coding for negatively phrased questions?
Which method includes counter coding for negatively phrased questions?
What does the Net Promoter Score (NPS) classify?
What does the Net Promoter Score (NPS) classify?
The Bogardus Scale is primarily used to measure which aspect?
The Bogardus Scale is primarily used to measure which aspect?
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Which of the following is NOT a step in the Likert Scale preparation process?
Which of the following is NOT a step in the Likert Scale preparation process?
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Asch’s experiments highlight which concept in consumer behavior?
Asch’s experiments highlight which concept in consumer behavior?
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Which scale measures attitudes on opposing dimensions?
Which scale measures attitudes on opposing dimensions?
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Qualitative measurement tools in consumer behavior include which of the following?
Qualitative measurement tools in consumer behavior include which of the following?
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What is primarily influenced by perceived behavioural control?
What is primarily influenced by perceived behavioural control?
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Which of the following value types involves seeking pleasure and enjoyment?
Which of the following value types involves seeking pleasure and enjoyment?
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Which aspect differentiates attitudes from values and beliefs?
Which aspect differentiates attitudes from values and beliefs?
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How are representations defined according to the provided content?
How are representations defined according to the provided content?
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Which of the following is not a type of Schwartz's Value?
Which of the following is not a type of Schwartz's Value?
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What role do values play in guiding behavior?
What role do values play in guiding behavior?
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Which of the following best describes the nature of beliefs?
Which of the following best describes the nature of beliefs?
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How do representations shape group identities?
How do representations shape group identities?
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What are cardinal traits in Allport’s theory?
What are cardinal traits in Allport’s theory?
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Which trait in the Big Five Personality Traits is characterized by curiosity and creativity?
Which trait in the Big Five Personality Traits is characterized by curiosity and creativity?
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According to Freud's division of the psyche, which part is characterized by repressed and inaccessible thoughts?
According to Freud's division of the psyche, which part is characterized by repressed and inaccessible thoughts?
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What implication does the psychoanalytical perspective suggest about consumer choices?
What implication does the psychoanalytical perspective suggest about consumer choices?
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In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which need is associated with the desire for connection and relationships?
In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which need is associated with the desire for connection and relationships?
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What do secondary traits refer to in Allport’s theory?
What do secondary traits refer to in Allport’s theory?
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Which of the Big Five traits is associated with compassion and cooperation?
Which of the Big Five traits is associated with compassion and cooperation?
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What is meant by 'liminality' in the context of personality disorders?
What is meant by 'liminality' in the context of personality disorders?
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What is meant by impulse learning?
What is meant by impulse learning?
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Which of the following best describes reinforcement in Skinner's active conditioning theory?
Which of the following best describes reinforcement in Skinner's active conditioning theory?
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What is an example of negative reinforcement?
What is an example of negative reinforcement?
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In shaping behavior, what does anticipatory behavior refer to?
In shaping behavior, what does anticipatory behavior refer to?
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What does 'counter-offensive learning' mean?
What does 'counter-offensive learning' mean?
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Which aspect of conditioning involves associating symbols with specific meanings?
Which aspect of conditioning involves associating symbols with specific meanings?
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What is the primary focus of the shaping process in behavior modification?
What is the primary focus of the shaping process in behavior modification?
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What are fixed intervals in reinforcement schedules?
What are fixed intervals in reinforcement schedules?
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What primarily drives the need for achievement according to the cognitive theories?
What primarily drives the need for achievement according to the cognitive theories?
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Which type of power is characterized by the desire to organize and influence large groups?
Which type of power is characterized by the desire to organize and influence large groups?
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In cognitive theories, motivation is influenced by the subjective probabilities of achieving what?
In cognitive theories, motivation is influenced by the subjective probabilities of achieving what?
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How does behaviorism primarily view motivation?
How does behaviorism primarily view motivation?
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What characterizes the intrinsic motivation perspective of cognitivism?
What characterizes the intrinsic motivation perspective of cognitivism?
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Which of these needs is NOT one of the three dominant needs described in McClelland's theory?
Which of these needs is NOT one of the three dominant needs described in McClelland's theory?
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What does the Theory of Expectation-Value seek to quantify?
What does the Theory of Expectation-Value seek to quantify?
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What is a common characteristic of individuals driven by the need for affiliation?
What is a common characteristic of individuals driven by the need for affiliation?
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What are the two types of coping strategies based on the appraisals of a situation?
What are the two types of coping strategies based on the appraisals of a situation?
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What does a 'challenge' represent in the evaluation of a situation?
What does a 'challenge' represent in the evaluation of a situation?
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Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a limitation in evaluating emotions for advertisers?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a limitation in evaluating emotions for advertisers?
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Which method is increasingly being used in marketing to study emotions?
Which method is increasingly being used in marketing to study emotions?
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In low involvement situations, which type of emotional processing is primarily utilized?
In low involvement situations, which type of emotional processing is primarily utilized?
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What is a primary challenge in capturing emotional data according to marketing research?
What is a primary challenge in capturing emotional data according to marketing research?
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What type of evaluation leads to the perception of a 'loss'?
What type of evaluation leads to the perception of a 'loss'?
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What forms the basis of the techniques used to study emotions in marketing?
What forms the basis of the techniques used to study emotions in marketing?
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Study Notes
Learning Psychology
- Learning is the association of two stimuli to understand/predict an outcome.
- Classical conditioning involves a neutral stimulus becoming associated with a significant one, leading to a conditioned response.
- Generalization is responding to similar stimuli as if they were the same.
- Experimental neurosis (or double bind) is confusion caused by contradictory stimuli.
- Distinguishing a conditioned stimulus in a complex environment is key.
- Primary signaling systems are universal signals, like traffic lights. Secondary signaling systems use additional cues, like a train's yellow line combined with a guard's whistle.
- Claximing conditioned responses or entropy are progressive build-ups of negative or positive responses from repeated experiences.
- Craving syndrome is dependence on objects or habits for security (like chocolate or social media), leading to withdrawal symptoms when absent.
- Sensation seeking is engaging in high-risk or extreme activities to seek joy, often linked to adrenaline.
- Conditioned reaction erasure is counter-conditioning to remove a learned response.
- Conditioned reaction reappearance (relapse) can occur, even after erasing the reaction.
- Attitudes are learned through experience, observation, and social influences. Attitudes are often resistant to change.
- Flashback memories are detailed recollections of traumatic or notable events.
- Impulse learning is adapting behaviors impulsively due to environmental or social pressure.
- Meaning conditioning is associating events or objects with specific meanings (like the Eiffel Tower with France).
Skinner: Active Conditioning
- Reinforcement is rewarding desired behavior.
- Reinforcements can be primary (praise), activation (reward), information (medal), or secondary (success).
- Reinforcement schedules include fixed intervals (regular), varying intervals (uncertain, but guaranteed), constant ratios (performance-based), and varying proportions (efforts without guaranteed rewards).
- Mixed positive reinforcement involves building complex behaviors progressively.
- Negative reinforcement involves avoiding unpleasant stimuli.
- Shaping is gradually creating behavior by reinforcing small steps forward.
- Shaping can be used to create anticipatory behaviors, anxious reactions, and counter-offensive learning.
- Learned helplessness is the inability to react.
Watson: Observation and Modeling
- Shaping new behaviors through observation and modeling is common.
- Inhibition and releasing of behaviors is influenced by figures of authority.
- Social facilitation and inhibition affect actions.
- Self-efficacy and self-value are beliefs in one's ability to succeed.
- Arranging environmental situations aids learning.
- Emotional arousal influences behaviors.
Bandurian
- Low and high tolerance for frustration relates to reactions in adverse outcomes.
- Fear and dependence are learned through observation.
- Assertive training teaches respectful rights claiming.
- Moral behavior is based on personal beliefs rather than external pressures.
Cognitive Psychology
- Perception filters external stimuli, selecting important information.
- Memory is the retainment process of recalling info.
- Sensory, short-term, and long-term memory differ.
- Fundamental factors affect memory, including context, motivation, and mood.
- Memories can be lost or disrupted.
Memory
- Memory processes involve encoding, storage, and retrieval.
- Sensory, short-term, and long-term memory subtypes exist.
- Memory can be affected by factors like context, motivation, and mood.
- Memory loss, like amnesia, can occur due to various causes.
Social Psychology
- Social psychology involves how the social context impacts feelings, thoughts, and behaviors.
- Evolutionarily, both competition and cooperation influenced brain capacity.
- Factors like conformity, persuasion, power, influence, obedience shape human behavior.
- Early social psychology experiments explored group dynamics.
Motivation
- Motivation is the driving force behind actions.
- Needs, desires, and the Yerkes-Dodson Law influence performance.
- Different types of motivations exist (primary, secondary, and social).
- Theories of motivation (e.g., Homeostatic, Cognitive, and Humanistic) consider motivational drives.
Emotion
- Emotions are psychophysiological reactions to stimuli.
- Emotions are short-lasting with significant intensity.
- Emotions play an adaptive role, guiding behavior and adaptation.
- Appraisal theory examines how we interpret situations.
- Emotional contagion occurs where positive emotions spread to others.
Consumer Behavior
- Consumer behavior is the study of individual and group selection, purchase, use, and disposal of products.
- Persuasion and influence, techniques applied to consumer behaviors.
- Consumer behavior depends on cognition (thought) and attitudes.
- Techniques like persuasion and influence shape consumers.
Personality
- Personality encompasses individual self-perception and social roles.
- Identity development involves conflict resolution and exploration.
- Various theories of personality (e.g., Cattell's, Eysenck's, and Maslow's) provide models of personality.
- Personality disorders represent patterns of behavior.
- Emotions influence personality, but not vice-versa.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of learning psychology, focusing on classical conditioning, generalization, and the impact of stimuli on behavior. This quiz covers key concepts such as craving syndrome and sensation seeking. Test your understanding of how these psychological principles shape our responses to the environment.
