Psychology Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception

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Questions and Answers

What physical property of sound is primarily associated with its loudness?

Wavelength

Frequency

Timbre

Amplitude (correct)

What is the primary sensory function of the cochlea?

To filter background sounds

To detect sound frequencies

To convert vibrations into electrical signals (correct)

To amplify sound waves

Which flavor is considered a controversial taste receptor?

Bitter

Umami (correct)

Sweet

Sour

Which structure in the ear is commonly referred to as the eardrum?

Tympanic membrane Signup and view all the answers

What type of pressure do Meissner's corpuscles primarily detect?

Constant pressure Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the limbic system is directly influenced by the sense of smell?

Memory and emotion Signup and view all the answers

What are the tiny bones in the middle ear called?

Ossicles Signup and view all the answers

Which option correctly defines the relationship between taste buds and taste receptors?

Taste buds contain multiple taste receptors Signup and view all the answers

What does the trichromatic theory of vision describe?

Color vision based on three types of cones Signup and view all the answers

How does color blindness occur according to the trichromatic theory?

From malfunctioning or missing color-receptive cones Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concept of the opponent process theory of vision?

Colors are perceived in opposing pairs that inhibit each other Signup and view all the answers

Why do we see after-images when we look away from a bright color?

Because cells responsible for the color become fatigued Signup and view all the answers

What role do feature-detector cells play in vision processing?

Identifying basic visual features like edges and lines Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes binocular depth cues from monocular depth cues?

Binocular cues depend on both eyes to perceive depth Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of a binocular depth cue?

Interposition Signup and view all the answers

What is the fusiform face area primarily responsible for?

Identifying complex configurations of facial features Signup and view all the answers

What does the gate-control theory of pain suggest about the way pain signals are managed?

The spinal cord can open or close to regulate pain signal transmission. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of phantom pain?

It relates to a body part that is not physically present. Signup and view all the answers

How does a conditioned stimulus differ from an unconditioned stimulus?

A conditioned stimulus requires prior learning to elicit a response, whereas an unconditioned stimulus does not. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of positive reinforcement in operant conditioning?

It introduces a stimulus to strengthen a behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of extinction in classical conditioning?

Removing the unconditioned stimulus after conditioning, leading to a decline in the conditioned response. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes positive punishment from negative punishment in behavior modification?

Positive punishment adds an aversive stimulus, while negative punishment removes a pleasant stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of shaping in learning new behaviors?

It involves reinforcing approximations of a desired behavior until the final behavior is achieved. Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of transduction in the context of sensory perception?

The conversion of sensory stimulus energy into action potentials. Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the phenomenon where an individual fails to notice an object that is clearly visible due to lack of focus?

Inattentional blindness Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'color constancy' refer to?

The ability to perceive an object as a constant color regardless of lighting changes. Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the eye is responsible for detecting colors and functions best in bright light?

Cones Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between absolute thresholds and difference thresholds?

Absolute thresholds involve sensory stimulus energy detection, while difference thresholds refer to stimulus intensity changes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'selective attention'?

The focus on a particular object while ignoring distractions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the optic nerve in the visual process?

To carry visual information from the retina to the brain. Signup and view all the answers

What physiological characteristics correlate with the perceptions of hue, brightness, and saturation?

They relate to amplitude, wavelength, and frequency bandwidth respectively. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary limitation of vervet monkey communication methods?

Lack of flexibility in responding to novel situations Signup and view all the answers

What are the main components involved in the information processing model of memory?

Sensory register, short-term memory, long-term memory Signup and view all the answers

Which factor plays a crucial role in the formation of memories, especially emotional ones?

Amygdala involvement Signup and view all the answers

How does the self-reference effect influence memory retention?

By associating information with personal relevance Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes crystallized intelligence from fluid intelligence?

Crystallized intelligence is based on experience, while fluid intelligence is adaptable. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory is characterized by remembering specific events and personal experiences?

Episodic memory Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Turing Test in the field of artificial intelligence?

It assesses a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior indistinguishable from a human. Signup and view all the answers

What role does confabulation play in memory issues?

It involves the creation of false memories without the intention to deceive. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception

Transduction: Conversion of sensory stimulus energy into action potentials
Synesthesia: Electrical signals going to the wrong receptors
Selective attention: Focusing on specific information while ignoring distractions
Inattentional blindness: Failure to notice something visible due to lack of attention
Size constancy: Perceiving objects as the same size regardless of distance
Brightness constancy: Perceiving an object's brightness as constant despite changes in illumination
Color constancy: Perceiving an object's color as constant despite changes in lighting conditions
Absolute threshold: Minimum stimulus energy needed for detection 50% of the time
Difference threshold: Difference between stimuli needed for detection 50% of the time, varies with stimulus intensity
Hue, Brightness and Saturation: Physical properties of light corresponding to color, intensity, and purity respectively.

Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception (Continued)

Structure of the eye: Retina (light-sensitive layer), Rods (low-light specialized photoreceptors), Cones (bright-light specialized photoreceptors that detect colors).
Trichromatic theory: Color vision based on three types of cones each responsive to red, green, or blue.
Opponent-process theory: Color vision based on opposing color pairs (e.g., red-green, blue-yellow).
Role of Feature-detector cells: Cells that identify basic visual features (edges, lines, etc.)
Fusiform Face Area (FFA): Brain region specialized for face recognition

Chapter 6: Learning

Classical conditioning: Learning through association of stimuli/events
Higher-order conditioning: Conditioning when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a conditioned stimulus.
Stimulus generalization/discrimination: Generalization is responding similarly to a range of stimuli; Discrimination is responding differently to different stimuli.
Role of punishment and reinforcement in operant conditioning: Learning through consequences (rewards, punishment)
Continuous vs. Intermittent reinforcement: Continuous reinforce every desired action; Intermittent reinforces actions randomly.
Shaping: Gradually reinforcing behaviors until they approach the desired target behavior
Social-cognitive learning theory: Learning through observation and modeling

Chapter 7: Cognitive Psychology

Schemas: Mental frameworks used to organize information.
Role schemas: Understanding roles (student, doctor)
Event schemas: Understand events (ordering food at a restaurant).
Semantics: Meaning of words and the concepts they represent.
Syntax: Rules for arranging words into grammatical structures
Overgeneralization: Applying a grammatical rule too broadly to irregular cases
Heuristics: Mental shortcuts
Confirmation bias: Seeking information that confirms existing beliefs
Availability heuristic: Making judgments based on readily available examples
Cognition: Process of knowing, including the acquisition and use of information

Chapter 8: Memory

Declarative Memory: Explicit memory (facts and events)
- Semantic Memory: General knowledge
- Episodic Memory: Personal experiences
Procedural Memory: Implicit memory of skills and how-to's
Recall: Retrieving information from memory without cues
Recognition: Identifying information with cues
Relearning: Learning information more quickly the second time
Flashbulb memories: Vivid and detailed memories of significant events
Retrograde/anterograde amnesia: Loss of memory before/after an event
Confabulation: Making up false memories
Sensory Register: Initial stage of memory
Short-term memory: Brief storage
Long-term memory: Permanent storage

Chapter 8: Memory (Continued)

Encoding: Converting information into a usable memory format
- Semantic encoding: Meaning-based
- Visual encoding: image-based
- Acoustic encoding: sound-based
Information processing model of memory: A model of memory in which information is processed through different stages
Emotional arousal's role in memory: Emotionally significant events often create more memorable memories.
Limbic system & smell: The limbic system is involved in processing smell, connecting our sense of smell with memories and emotions.
Turing Test: A test of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human.

Chapter ?? (General):

Reconstructive memory: Memory isn't a perfect record, but is recreated each time.
Memory and Suggestion Studies: Specific studies in memory showed how memory can be altered by suggestive information.

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Description

Explore the fascinating concepts of sensation and perception in this quiz based on Chapter 5. Delve into topics like transduction, selective attention, and various types of constancy. Test your understanding of how we perceive the world around us through sensory experiences.