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Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the main focus of psychoanalysis?
Which of the following best describes the main focus of psychoanalysis?
According to behaviorism, psychological research should focus on both observable and unobservable behaviors.
According to behaviorism, psychological research should focus on both observable and unobservable behaviors.
False (B)
What learning mechanism did B.F. Skinner develop?
What learning mechanism did B.F. Skinner develop?
operant conditioning
What does a frequency distribution always show?
What does a frequency distribution always show?
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In classical conditioning, dogs learned to associate a bell with an automatic behavior, such as ________ for food.
In classical conditioning, dogs learned to associate a bell with an automatic behavior, such as ________ for food.
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Match the following psychologists with their primary area of study:
Match the following psychologists with their primary area of study:
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A histogram is typically used for grouped frequency distributions.
A histogram is typically used for grouped frequency distributions.
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Which perspective emphasizes that a person has a capacity for personal growth and the freedom to choose their destiny?
Which perspective emphasizes that a person has a capacity for personal growth and the freedom to choose their destiny?
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What is the term for the single value that represents the middle or center of a data distribution?
What is the term for the single value that represents the middle or center of a data distribution?
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The average is also known as the ______.
The average is also known as the ______.
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Negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring.
Negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring.
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What term did Ulric Neisser coin?
What term did Ulric Neisser coin?
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Given the dataset: 12, 15, 18, 15, 20. What is the mode?
Given the dataset: 12, 15, 18, 15, 20. What is the mode?
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The median is always the same as the mean.
The median is always the same as the mean.
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Match the terms with their descriptions.
Match the terms with their descriptions.
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How do you calculate the mean for the following set of values: 5, 10, 15, 20?
How do you calculate the mean for the following set of values: 5, 10, 15, 20?
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In a normal distribution, which of the following is true regarding the mean, median, and mode?
In a normal distribution, which of the following is true regarding the mean, median, and mode?
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The range is a reliable measure of variability because it takes into account all the scores in a data set.
The range is a reliable measure of variability because it takes into account all the scores in a data set.
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What is the main purpose of a cohort-sequential design?
What is the main purpose of a cohort-sequential design?
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What is the most common and important measure of variability?
What is the most common and important measure of variability?
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A critical period is a stage in development where an organism is less sensitive to environmental input.
A critical period is a stage in development where an organism is less sensitive to environmental input.
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The standard deviation is calculated as the square root of the ______.
The standard deviation is calculated as the square root of the ______.
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What is the term for the sum total of all the genes a person inherits?
What is the term for the sum total of all the genes a person inherits?
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Approximately what percentage of the data in a normal distribution falls within one standard deviation of the mean?
Approximately what percentage of the data in a normal distribution falls within one standard deviation of the mean?
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Variations of a gene that result in observable traits are called ______.
Variations of a gene that result in observable traits are called ______.
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What percentage of data in a normal distribution falls within 2 standard deviations from the mean?
What percentage of data in a normal distribution falls within 2 standard deviations from the mean?
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Data points that are three standard deviations or more from the mean are termed what?
Data points that are three standard deviations or more from the mean are termed what?
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If an individual has two different versions of a gene, what is the correct term?
If an individual has two different versions of a gene, what is the correct term?
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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A recessive trait will be expressed in the phenotype whether the genotype is homozygous or heterozygous.
A recessive trait will be expressed in the phenotype whether the genotype is homozygous or heterozygous.
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The 'freckle gene' (MC1R) is an example of what type of trait?
The 'freckle gene' (MC1R) is an example of what type of trait?
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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According to Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, which stage focuses on the formation of intimate relationships and finding love?
According to Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, which stage focuses on the formation of intimate relationships and finding love?
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According to the free radical theory, the accumulation of free radicals in the body leads to decreased aging and damage.
According to the free radical theory, the accumulation of free radicals in the body leads to decreased aging and damage.
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What is sensory transduction?
What is sensory transduction?
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The minimal difference needed to notice a difference between two stimuli is known as the ______ threshold.
The minimal difference needed to notice a difference between two stimuli is known as the ______ threshold.
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Which of the following is an example of an absolute threshold for the sense of taste?
Which of the following is an example of an absolute threshold for the sense of taste?
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Which of Erikson's stages involves an individual reflecting on their life and facing their mortality?
Which of Erikson's stages involves an individual reflecting on their life and facing their mortality?
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Match the following developmental periods with their respective characteristics according to Levinson:
Match the following developmental periods with their respective characteristics according to Levinson:
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What is the term for the reduced response of a sensory cell due to repeated stimulation?
What is the term for the reduced response of a sensory cell due to repeated stimulation?
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What does anosmia refer to?
What does anosmia refer to?
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Ageusia is a common disorder that affects the ability to taste.
Ageusia is a common disorder that affects the ability to taste.
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What are the two distinct pathways for perceiving pain?
What are the two distinct pathways for perceiving pain?
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The primary function of Ruffini’s end-organs is to register __________ pressure and movement of the joints.
The primary function of Ruffini’s end-organs is to register __________ pressure and movement of the joints.
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In which part of the frequency range do humans hear best?
In which part of the frequency range do humans hear best?
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Match the following somatosensory receptors with their primary functions:
Match the following somatosensory receptors with their primary functions:
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Sound frequency is measured in units called __________.
Sound frequency is measured in units called __________.
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What determines the loudness of sound?
What determines the loudness of sound?
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Study Notes
Chapter 1: Psychology Yesterday and Today
- Psychoanalysis: Sigmund Freud believed behaviors stem from unconscious desires and conflicts. Psychoanalysis is a form of therapy aimed at resolving these conflicts.
- Behaviorism: This approach emphasizes observable behaviors, focusing on research findings from animal studies. Edward Thorndike and Ivan Pavlov contributed to this perspective, with Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning demonstrating the association of stimuli. John B. Watson conducted the "Little Albert" experiment illustrating classical conditioning in humans. B.F. Skinner developed operant conditioning, which is learning through reinforcement (positive and negative). Albert Bandura described learning through social observation, especially in children.
- Humanistic Psychology: This perspective highlights human capacity for growth, personal choice, and unique qualities.
- Cognitive Psychology: Ulric Neisser coined the term cognitive psychology to refer to the study of how people process information and think. Cognitive psychologists initially compared the human mind to a computer.
Chapter 2: Psychology as a Science
- Correlation Analyses: Psychologists analyze correlations to understand relationships between variables.
- Positive correlation: When one variable increases, the other tends to increase.
- Negative correlation: When one variable increases, the other tends to decrease.
- No correlation: No apparent relationship between variables.
- Correlation Coefficient (r): A numerical value that represents the strength and direction of a correlation.
- +/- 1 indicates perfect correlations
- 0 indicates no correlation
- Correlation Does Not Imply Causation: Correlation methods identify relationships but do not determine cause-and-effect relationships.
- Experimental Analyses: To establish cause and effect, experiments manipulate variables and observe their effects.
Post-Analyses: Publishing and Building a Theory
- Research Ethics Boards (REBs): Ethical oversight committees that protect participants' rights in psychological studies. REBs review research protocols to ensure ethical conduct.
- Ethical Considerations for Animal Research: Studies using animals must adhere to ethical guidelines, such as minimizing harm to the animals and using the fewest animals possible.
- Statistical Significance (p-value): A measure of the probability that research results are due to chance alone. A p-value less than 0.05 usually denotes statistically significant results in psychology.
Chapter 4: Developmental Psychology
- Research Methods:
- Cross-sectional research: Compares different age groups at one point in time.
- Longitudinal research: Studies the same group over an extended period.
- Cohort-sequential design: Combines cross-sectional and longitudinal methods to address cohort effects. This gives a better understanding of the development process.
Prenatal Development and Heredity
- Prenatal Development: The period of development from conception to birth, which includes the germinal, embryonic, and fetal stages.
- Genes: Building blocks of inheritance in humans. The combination of inherited genes (genotype) determines the observable characteristics of the individual (phenotype).
- Teratogens: External factors (substances or diseases) that can negatively influence prenatal development.
Physical Development
- Brain Development: Includes the proliferation and pruning of synapses and the growth of physical brain structures. Synaptic pruning is the loss of unnecessary connections between neurons.
- Growth Trends: Cephalocaudal (head-to-toe) development and proximodistal (center-outward) development are the basic growth patterns.
Motor Development and the Senses
- Motor Milestones: Developmental sequences regarding physical abilities.
- Sensory Development: Senses develop and mature through time, and different senses mature at different rates.
Cognitive Development
- Piaget's Theory: A theory which suggests stages of cognitive development (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational).
- Information processing theory: An alternative perspective to Piaget's theory, focusing on how individuals process, store, and retrieve information throughout their lifetime.
Social and Emotional Development
- Temperament: Inherited behavioural tendencies that influence responses in different settings.
- Erikson's Stages: Stages of psychosocial development, including infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. The stages have potentially positive and/ or negative outcomes.
Adolescence
- Physical Development: Puberty and the physical changes associated with it.
- Cognitive Development: Formal operational thought; thinking more abstractly, hypothetically, and deductively.
- Moral Development: Kohlberg's stages of moral development are based on moral reasoning.
Adulthood
- Physical Changes: Physical decline, physiological changes (e.g. menopause).
- Social and Emotional Development: Erikson's stages for adulthood focus on intimacy, generativity (concern for future generations, and integrity).
Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception
- Sensation: The process of receiving stimuli through sensory receptors.
- Perception: The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information.
- Sensory Receptors: Specialized cells that convert stimuli into neural impulses.
- Threshold of Sensation: Absolute threshold (smallest detectable stimulus) and difference threshold (minimum detectable difference in stimulus).
- Sensory Adaptation: Reduced response to a constant stimulus.
- Chemical Senses (smell and taste): Stimuli are chemicals in the air or food; Receptor cells trigger neural impulses processed in the brain.
- Somatosensory system (touch, pressure, temperature, pain): Different receptors respond to different kinds of stimulation.
- The Auditory Sense: Sound waves are vibrations in the air that are perceived as sounds.
- The Visual Sense: Light waves, transformed into neural impulses in the retina.
- Gestalt Laws of Perception: Describe how we group and organize elements into patterns (figure and ground, proximity, similarity, continuity, closure).
- Depth Perception: How we perceive distance and three-dimensional information. Binocular cues and monocular cues contribute to depth perception.
- Illusions: Misinterpretations of sensory information.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts in psychology, including psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and learning mechanisms. You'll explore essential terms and definitions, such as frequency distributions and reinforcement. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding of psychological theories and statistics.
