Psychology Chapter 5 Quiz
45 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is primarily assessed to determine the validity of personality tests?

  • The variety of respondents in the study
  • The number of questions in the test
  • Consistency of results across different trials
  • Comparing test results to external criteria or standards (correct)

How is the reliability of a test typically evaluated?

  • By checking the average scores of respondents
  • By comparing results on different occasions or ages (correct)
  • By assessing the popularity of the test
  • Through expert reviews of the test structure

Which statement about reliability and validity is correct?

  • All valid tests are unreliable.
  • All reliable tests are valid.
  • Not all reliable tests are valid. (correct)
  • Reliability and validity are interchangeable.

What is a key feature of objective tests?

<p>They present a standardized group of test items. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of test involves ambiguous stimuli requiring subjective interpretation?

<p>Projective tests (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a person who fights for the rights of LGBT individuals?

<p>Activist (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers specifically to a female homosexual?

<p>Lesbian (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a person's psychological sense of being female, male, or somewhere in between?

<p>Gender identity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?

<p>Spending body energy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the facial-feedback hypothesis suggest?

<p>Facial expressions can influence emotions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does intrinsic motivation differ from extrinsic motivation?

<p>Intrinsic motivation comes from within the individual. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that behavioral responses to events lead to emotional experiences?

<p>James-Lange Theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes behavior that does not conform to societal gender-role stereotypes?

<p>Gender nonconformity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary task when solving anagram problems?

<p>To reorganize scrambled letters into recognizable words (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes heuristic devices in problem-solving?

<p>They are shortcuts that simplify the problem-solving process. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which heuristic strategy involves assessing the gap between current situations and goals?

<p>Means-end analysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do experts differ from novices in problem-solving?

<p>Experts solve problems more efficiently and rapidly. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one disadvantage of using heuristic devices for solving problems?

<p>They do not guarantee accurate solutions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the analogy heuristic rely on?

<p>Partial similarities from previously solved problems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is systematic random search primarily used for?

<p>Listing every possible letter combination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of expert problem solvers?

<p>They often rely on guesses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does thinking primarily involve?

<p>Conscious attempts to understand and alter reality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes concepts in cognition?

<p>Mental categories that group together items with common properties (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a prototype?

<p>The most common example that best represents a category (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do algorithms generally function?

<p>They are specific procedures that lead to certain solutions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In language development, what does over-extension refer to?

<p>Over-inclusion of instances in a category (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do positive instances show in terms of concept learning?

<p>Exact examples of a category being illustrated (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is essential for understanding a problem?

<p>Recognition of the relevance of mental representations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following relates to exemplars in concept learning?

<p>Specific instances that represent a category (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the zone of proximal development (ZPD)?

<p>A collaborative environment where skilled individuals assist children. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of scaffolding in a child's learning process?

<p>To provide temporary support while promoting independence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the preconventional level of Kohlberg's moral development, moral judgments are primarily based on what?

<p>Consequences of behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Kohlberg's conventional level, which stage focuses on fulfilling the needs and expectations of others?

<p>Stage 3: Good-boy orientation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Erik Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development?

<p>Building trust through reliance on primary caregivers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the stage 'autonomy versus shame and doubt' in Erikson's development stages?

<p>Achieving personal independence and self-confidence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does postconventional moral reasoning prioritize in moral dilemmas?

<p>Balancing individual needs with the need to maintain social order. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines the term 'developmentally appropriate practice' in education?

<p>Approaches tailored to children's age, culture, and unique developmental needs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the sensorimotor stage in Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?

<p>Coordination of sensory information and motor activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the preoperational stage occur according to Piaget?

<p>2 to 7 years old (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of egocentrism refer to in Piaget’s cognitive development theory?

<p>The belief that others share one's own views (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of cognitive development is characterized by the recognition of conservation?

<p>Concrete operational stage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'reversibility' signify in Piaget's third stage of cognitive development?

<p>The ability to reverse physical processes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts is NOT associated with the preoperational stage of cognitive development?

<p>Logic regarding tangible objects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural theory emphasizes which aspect of cognitive development?

<p>The influence of culture and social interactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the law of conservation involve according to Piaget?

<p>Understanding that amount remains the same despite changes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Thinking

The process of actively engaging with information, mentally representing it, reasoning about it, and making decisions.

Concepts

Mental categories used to group objects, events, or ideas that share common properties.

Prototypes

Best examples of a concept, matching key features of a category.

Understanding a Problem

The process of mentally representing a problem in a way that connects its parts meaningfully, corresponds to the real world, and utilizes background knowledge.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Algorithms

Specific procedures for solving a type of problem, guaranteeing a correct solution if followed correctly.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Positive Instances

Examples that perfectly fit a concept, helping us learn and identify the category.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Negative Instances

Examples that do not fit a concept, helping us refine our understanding of the category.

Signup and view all the flashcards

LGBT Activist

A person who advocates for the rights and equality of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Homosexual

A person who is sexually attracted to and interested in romantic relationships with individuals of the same gender.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Heterosexual

A person who is sexually attracted to and interested in romantic relationships with individuals of the opposite gender.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gender Identity

A person's internal sense of being male, female, or somewhere in between.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gender Nonconformity

When someone doesn't behave in ways that align with the stereotypical gender roles associated with their sex in a particular culture.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sympathetic Nervous System

The part of your nervous system that kicks in when you need to use energy from your reserves, like in a fight-or-flight situation or when you're stressed.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Parasympathetic Nervous System

The part of your nervous system that helps you relax and restore your energy reserves, like when you're eating or sleeping.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Facial-Feedback Hypothesis

The idea that making a certain facial expression can actually influence how you feel.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are heuristics?

Heuristics are mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that help us simplify problems and make decisions quickly. They don't guarantee a perfect solution, but often work well enough.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Trial and Error

Trial and error is a heuristic where you try different approaches to solve a problem until you find one that works. It's like experimenting.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Means-End Analysis

Means-end analysis is a heuristic where you assess the gap between your current situation and your goal and figure out how to bridge the gap.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Analogy Heuristic

The analogy heuristic involves solving a new problem by relating it to a similar problem you've solved before.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is an expert?

An expert is someone with extensive knowledge and experience in a specific area, enabling them to solve problems much faster and more efficiently than novices.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Parallel Processing

Parallel processing is a cognitive strategy where experts can simultaneously handle multiple aspects of a problem, allowing for faster processing and problem-solving.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How do experts solve problems?

Experts solve problems more efficiently than novices due to their specialized knowledge, experience, and ability to process information quickly through parallel processing.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are anagrams?

Anagrams are scrambled words where the task is to rearrange the letters into a meaningful word.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Test Validity

Whether a test measures what it claims to measure. It's about accuracy and relevance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Test Reliability

The consistency of test results over time or across different administrations. It's about dependability.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Test Standardization

Ensuring that test scores are consistent and meaningful across different groups and time periods.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Objective Tests

Tests that present a standardized set of questions with clear, predetermined answers. Respondents choose from limited options.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Projective Tests

Tests that present ambiguous stimuli, prompting respondents to project their thoughts and feelings. There are no correct answers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

The gap between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance and support from a more knowledgeable individual.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Scaffolding

Temporary support and assistance provided by a more knowledgeable individual to help a learner master a task. This support is gradually withdrawn as the learner becomes more independent.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Preconventional Level of Moral Reasoning

The first stage of Kohlberg's moral development theory, where individuals base their moral judgments on the consequences of their actions. They focus on avoiding punishment and satisfying their own needs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Conventional Level of Moral Reasoning

The second stage of Kohlberg's moral development theory, where individuals conform to societal norms and expectations to determine right and wrong. They focus on maintaining social order and fulfilling social roles.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Postconventional Level of Moral Reasoning

The most advanced stage of Kohlberg's moral development theory, where individuals develop their own ethical principles based on abstract principles of justice, fairness, and human rights. They may even question societal norms if they conflict with their own moral compass.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Trust vs. Mistrust (Erikson's Stage 1)

The first stage of Erikson's psychosocial development, where infants develop trust or mistrust based on their primary caregiver's consistency and reliability. This shapes their future sense of security and attachment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Erikson's Stage 2)

The second stage of Erikson's psychosocial development, where toddlers develop a sense of independence and self-control or experience shame and doubt if their attempts at autonomy are discouraged or ridiculed.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stages of Psychosocial Development

Erik Erikson's theory highlights eight stages of psychosocial development throughout the lifespan, each characterized by a unique conflict that shapes an individual's personality and social identity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Object Permanence

Understanding that objects continue to exist even when you can't see them. This develops in infants during the sensorimotor stage.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Egocentrism

The inability to understand that others have different perspectives. Young children in the preoperational stage may believe everyone sees the world as they do.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Animism

Attributing life and feelings to inanimate objects, like thinking the sun is happy or that a rock is sad. Common in the preoperational stage.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Law of Conservation

Understanding that the amount of something stays the same, even if it changes shape or appearance. For example, pouring water into a taller glass doesn't change the amount.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Decentration

The ability to think about multiple aspects of a problem at the same time. This allows for more flexible and logical thinking.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Subjective Moral Judgment

Based on the intentions of the person who did something, not just the consequences. For example, a child understands that accidentally breaking a vase is less wrong than intentionally doing it.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Reversibility

The ability to mentally reverse a process. This helps with logical thinking and problem-solving. For example, understanding that adding and subtracting are opposite operations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory

Emphasizes the importance of social interaction and cultural influences on cognitive development. Children learn through interacting with others, especially those more knowledgeable.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

  • Thinking involves paying attention to information, mentally representing it, reasoning about it, and making judgments.
  • Thinking is a conscious process used to understand and change the world; dreaming isn't thinking.
  • Concepts are mental categories grouping together objects, relations, events, and qualities sharing common properties.
  • Concepts are vital for cognition.
  • Concepts can represent tangible and intangible things.
  • Labels for objects depend on individual experience and cultural context.
  • Concepts are building blocks for explaining things, influencing how one perceives the world.

Methods of Problem Solving

  • Problem representation elements must be related.
  • Elements of the problem must mirror real-world representations.
  • Existing knowledge is crucial for applying it.

Algorithms and Heuristics

  • Algorithms are specific procedures guaranteed to lead to a solution (e.g., mathematical formulas).
  • Heuristics (shortcuts) are rules of thumb that help simplify problems; their solutions might not always be correct.
  • Systematic random search is a heuristic useful for problems like anagrams.

Factors Affecting Problem Solving

  • Expertise helps people solve problems more efficiently (often quicker, parallel processing in a task).
  • Mental sets involve the tendency to approach a new problem with an approach that solved similar problems.
  • Insight is sudden understanding of relationships among elements in a problem.
  • Incubation is taking a break from the problem, letting subconscious processes work on it, sometimes leading to insights.
  • Functional fixedness is an obstacle in problem-solving hindering using an object/tool for a different function.

Judgment and Decision Making

  • Representativeness heuristic makes judgments based on how well an event represents a population.
  • Availability heuristic makes judgments of frequency or probability based on how easy it is to retrieve examples.
  • Anchoring and adjustment heuristic makes estimations based on initial information (anchor).

Motivation And Emotion

  • Motivation is a state involving inducement or incentive toward a goal. Motives are hypothetical states activating behavior.
  • Needs lead to drive states or arousal associated with a need, an incentive can relieve the drive (satisfy the need).
  • Instincts are inherited tendencies for behaviors aiming towards certain goals
  • Drive reduction theory states that behavior is motivated to reduce drives.
  • Homeostasis is a tendency to maintain internal consistency.
  • Self-actualization is striving to realize one's inherent potential.

Theories of Emotion

  • James-Lange theory posits emotions arise from our interpretation and appraisal of physiological responses or actions; our behavior.
  • Cannon-Bard theory argues that emotions and bodily responses occur simultaneously after an event.
  • Cognitive appraisal theory says that emotions depend on our interpretation of events.

Prenatal Development

  • Germinal stage: From conception to implantation, zygote forms.
  • Embryonic stage: From implantation to 8 weeks into pregnancy, major organ development begins.
  • Fetal stage: From the beginning of the third month to birth fetal organ systems mature.

Childhood: Physical and Cognitive Development

  • Reflexes are inborn responses to stimuli (e.g., rooting, sucking).
  • Motor development progresses from basic actions to complex ones (e.g., rolling over to walking).
  • Perceptual development helps babies interpret sensory information.
  • Piaget's theory of cognitive development describes stages in which children's thinking progresses.
  • Assimilation includes putting new information into existing mental structures.
  • Accommodation includes modifying mental structures due to new information.
  • Sensorimotor stage (birth-2 years old): Infants develop understanding of the world through senses and motor skills.

Childhood: Social and Emotional Development

  • Erikson's theory identifies psychosocial development stages, and their crises.
  • Attachment is an enduring emotional bond with a primary caregiver.

Adolescence

  • Formal operations (Piaget's final stage): Adolescents engage in abstract thinking, hypothesis, reasoning, and deductive reasoning.
  • Adolescent egocentrism: Belief that others are similarly focused on oneself.
  • Physical development includes puberty, secondary sex characteristics (e.g., physical growth spurt, widening hips, and breast development), and menarche.

Emerging Adulthood

  • A stage between adolescence and adulthood (typically from 18 to 25yrs), marked by self-focus, exploration, and instability, leading to greater feeling of being in-between.

Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development

  • Physical development peaks in early adulthood.
  • Middle adulthood sees a gradual decline in some physical abilities.
  • Late adulthood is marked by significant physical changes.
  • Crystalized intelligence (knowledge acquired over time) usually increases throughout adulthood.
  • Fluid intelligence (flexibility, learning) may decline with age.

Adulthood: Social and Emotional Development

  • Erikson identified stages of psychosocial development in adulthood, with their respective stages (intimacy vs isolation, generativity vs stagnation, ego integrity vs despair)

Personality Theories and Measurement

  • Freud's Psychosexual theory focuses on stages, including: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages, with their corresponding conflicts.
  • The trait perspective identifies stable personality characteristics (e.g., extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness to experience).
  • Learning theory perspective emphasizes the role of the environment in shaping personality (e.g., rewards, punishment, observational learning).
  • Humanistic-existential perspectives emphasize individual choices and self-growth.

Measurement of Personality

  • Objective tests use standardized questionnaires with structured responses.
  • Projective tests employ ambiguous stimuli allowing respondents to project their inner thoughts (e.g., inkblots, pictures)

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

ITP Reviewer: Chapter 7-10 PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts in psychology related to personality tests, motivation, and gender identity. This quiz covers important theories, definitions, and functions of psychological concepts. Prepare to challenge your understanding of reliability, validity, and emotional responses.

More Like This

Personality Tests Overview
10 questions

Personality Tests Overview

AmicableGray avatar
AmicableGray
Objective Personality Tests Overview
13 questions

Objective Personality Tests Overview

PatriLavender avatar
PatriLavender
Personality Tests and Curvilinear Relationships
15 questions

Personality Tests and Curvilinear Relationships

UsefulRetinalite27 avatar
UsefulRetinalite27
Projective Personality Tests Overview
36 questions

Projective Personality Tests Overview

GoldCarnelian1105 avatar
GoldCarnelian1105
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser