Psychology Chapter 5: Mental Disorders

The DSM-5 categorizes personality disorders into three clusters:
- Cluster A: Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal personality disorders (characterized by odd or eccentric behavior)
- Cluster B: Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic personality disorders (characterized by dramatic or emotional behavior)
- Cluster C: Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive-Compulsive personality disorders (characterized by anxious or fearful behavior)
Criteria for diagnosing personality disorders:
- Pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from cultural expectations
- Inflexibility and pervasiveness across a broad range of situations
- Causes distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning
- Onset can be traced back to adolescence or young adulthood
- Not better explained by another mental disorder

Types of anxiety disorders:
- Panic disorder: recurrent panic attacks and excessive worry about future attacks
- Agoraphobia: fear or avoidance of situations where escape might be difficult
- Social anxiety disorder: fear or avoidance of social situations
- Specific phobia: excessive or irrational fear of a specific object, situation, or activity
- Generalized anxiety disorder: excessive worry about everyday things, even when there is no apparent reason to worry
Criteria for diagnosing anxiety disorders:
- Excessive anxiety or fear that is persistent and lasts for at least 6 months
- Interferes with daily life and causes significant distress or impairment
- Not better explained by another mental disorder

Types of mood disorders:
- Major depressive disorder: one or more major depressive episodes
- Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia): low mood that lasts for at least 2 years
- Bipolar disorder: episodes of mania or hypomania, often with depressive episodes
Criteria for diagnosing mood disorders:
- Depressed mood or loss of interest in activities that lasts for at least 2 weeks
- Presence of a manic or hypomanic episode
- Symptoms cause significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning

Types of psychotic disorders:
- Schizophrenia: presence of two or more of the following: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behavior
- Schizophreniform disorder: symptoms of schizophrenia, but lasts for at least 1 month and less than 6 months
- Brief psychotic disorder: symptoms of schizophrenia, but lasts for at least 1 day and less than 1 month
Criteria for diagnosing psychotic disorders:
- Presence of delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech or behavior
- Symptoms last for at least 1 day
- Not better explained by another mental disorder

Types of neurodevelopmental disorders:
- Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity
- Autism spectrum disorder: difficulties with social communication and repetitive behaviors
- Intellectual developmental disorder (intellectual disability): significantly below-average intellectual functioning
Criteria for diagnosing neurodevelopmental disorders:
- Presence of symptoms that interfere with daily life and cause significant distress or impairment
- Onset during childhood or adolescence
- Not better explained by another mental disorder

Types of ADHD:
- Predominantly inattentive type: symptoms of inattention, but not hyperactivity-impulsivity
- Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type: symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity, but not inattention
- Combined type: symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity
Criteria for diagnosing ADHD:
- Presence of at least 5 symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity
- Symptoms last for at least 6 months
- Symptoms cause significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning

Criteria for diagnosing bulimia nervosa:
- Recurrent episodes of binge eating
- Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain
- Self-evaluation unduly influenced by body shape and weight
- Disturbance does not occur exclusively during episodes of anorexia nervosa
Specifiers:
- Mild, moderate, or severe, based on frequency of compensatory behaviors
- In partial remission, in full remission, or in a controlled environment

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