Psychiatric Disorders Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which condition is characterized by repetitive behaviors, such as washing hands or checking a document?

OCD (correct)

Agitation

Raptus

Hypokinesia

Which of the following describes the behavior of a patient experiencing catatonic stupor?

Involuntary bizarre movements

Purposeless repetition of movements

Extreme slow motor activity leading to immobility (correct)

Sudden aggressive outbursts

Which condition mandates hospitalization without the patient's consent?

Substance abuse

Severe anxiety disorders

Contagious diseases (correct)

Mild depression

What is characterized by the involuntary repetition of words or sentences?

Echolalia Signup and view all the answers

What must be reported to the court within 24 hours?

If the patient has performed a serious crime Signup and view all the answers

Which instinct disorder is defined as a serious suicide attempt?

Tentamen suicidii Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of stigma related to mental illness?

Discrimination and isolation Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior involves the muscle rigidity and bizarre posture seen in some patients?

Catalepsy Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for purposeful, mechanical responsiveness to commands?

Command automatism Signup and view all the answers

What is self-stigma in psychiatric patients?

Negative perception of oneself Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a qualitative disorder of behavior?

Movement stereotypy Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is crucial for destigmatization in psychiatry?

Increasing public knowledge on mental health Signup and view all the answers

What could be a reason for a family to neglect a mentally ill member?

Lack of awareness of the illness Signup and view all the answers

Which type of negative behavior involves doing the opposite of what a doctor instructs?

Active negativism Signup and view all the answers

What must occur within 7 days concerning hospitalization decisions?

The court must decide if the hospitalization is legal Signup and view all the answers

Which action is prohibited for someone deemed legally incapable?

Making a will Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic symptom of early-stage dementia?

Irritability and mood changes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of the diagnostic process for dementia?

Full body imaging every year Signup and view all the answers

What is a common terminal comorbidity related to dementia?

Pneumonia Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive enhancer is classified as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor?

Donepezil Signup and view all the answers

What might indicate that a patient with dementia is experiencing middle-stage symptoms?

Dressing difficulties Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological symptoms of dementia are treated with SSRIs?

Depression Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a major goal of primary prevention for Alzheimer's disease?

Adopting a healthy lifestyle Signup and view all the answers

What is the first symptom usually associated with dementia?

Memory impairment Signup and view all the answers

What type of imaging is used to exclude other causes of dementia?

MRI Signup and view all the answers

Which type of dementia accounts for the highest prevalence?

Dementia in Alzheimer's disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the transitional phase between normal cognitive functioning and dementia called?

Mild cognitive impairment Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of Lewy body dementia?

Progressive dementia and Parkinsonism Signup and view all the answers

What protein is primarily associated with the pathology of Lewy bodies?

Alpha-synuclein Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a secondary type of dementia?

Post-traumatic dementia Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT typically associated with Lewy body dementia?

Severe memory loss Signup and view all the answers

What does apraxia refer to in the context of dementia symptoms?

Loss of the ability to execute learned movements Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms experienced at blood levels of less than 1 g/kg?

Impairment of attention and visual-motor coordination Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a hangover after acute alcoholic intoxication?

Dysphoria, anxiety, and nausea/vomiting Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a component of alcohol dependence syndrome?

Regular increase in energy levels Signup and view all the answers

What symptoms characterize uncomplicated alcohol withdrawal?

Autonomic hyperactivity such as sweating and tremors Signup and view all the answers

What is the first choice of treatment for delirium tremens?

Clomethiazol or large doses of Diazepam Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the onset of delirium tremens?

Occurs 24-48 hours after the last alcohol use Signup and view all the answers

What type of complications can arise from alcohol use?

Neuropathy, cardiomyopathy, and liver disease Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the 'Prodromal syndrome' leading to delirium tremens?

Insomnia and nervousness Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary receptors affected by opioids and their related effects?

Mu-receptors: analgesia and respiratory depression; Kappa-receptors: sedation and hypotension; Delta-receptors: analgesia and miosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of acute opioid intoxication?

Muscle spasms Signup and view all the answers

What is a common physical consequence of non-sterile opioid use?

Pneumonia Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding opioid addiction is accurate?

Withdrawal symptoms can manifest as early as 6 hours after the last dose. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes naloxone's role in opioid treatment?

It is primarily used for opioid overdose reversal. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with opioid withdrawal?

Abdominal cramps Signup and view all the answers

In the context of opioid treatment, what is the purpose of gradual dose tapering?

To prevent withdrawal symptoms and ease detoxification. Signup and view all the answers

What is an effect of opioid use on appetite?

Decreased appetite and preference for sweet foods Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Part I: Classification of Mental Disorders

Mental disorder: abnormal behavior following a period of normal functioning.
Personality disorder: consistently exhibiting abnormal behavior from early adulthood.
Learning disability: intellectual impairment present from early life.
Diagnostic systems are primarily "syndromal" grouping symptoms for recognizable conditions, not based on etiology.
Diagnoses are based on clinical features, natural history, and treatment response.
International Classification of Disease (ICD-10): a general medical classification system created by the World Health Organization (WHO), used worldwide (excluding the USA) since the 1990s.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V): created by the American Psychiatric Association (APA).

Etiology and Pathogenesis of Mental Disorders

Biological factors:
- Genetics play a significant role in susceptibility (multiple genes, not just one, in- teract with other factors).
- Prenatal damage (oxygen deprivation during birth) or early development, causing brain trauma.
- Imbalance of neurotransmitters (ex. low serotonin).
Psychological factors:
- Severe trauma (emotional, physical, sexual abuse) in childhood.
- Important early losses.
- Neglect.
Environmental factors:
- Death
- Divorce.
- Social or cultural expectations
- Substance abuse by the individual or parents
- Difficulty changing jobs or schools
- Feelings of inadequacy, low self-esteem, anxiety, anger, loneliness

Symptoms in Disorders of Consciousness, Orientation and Attentiveness

Symptoms in disorders of consciousness:
- Consciousness is the awareness of and responsiveness to one's surroundings and self.
- Attention is the ability to focus consciousness on something.
- Quantitative disorders include lethargy/somnolence (abnormal drowsiness), stupor (unnaturally deep sleep), and coma (prolonged unconsciousness).
- Qualitative disorders include delirium (confusional state) ,obnubilation(clouded mental state), and alterations during sleep.
Symptoms in disorders of orientation:
- Orientation is the ability to accurately identify time, place, person, and situation.
Symptoms in disorders of attentiveness:
- Attention is the ability to focus consciousness on a particular object or action.
- Related to focus, range, tenacity, concentration, and vigility of attention.

3: Symptoms in disorder of perception

Perception is the translation of physical stimuli into psychological information.
Eidetic image: vivid re-creation of sense experiences.
Synesthesia: associating one sensation with another (ex. hearing a sound as a color).
Illusions: misinterpretations of real stimuli.
False imagery: previous experiences.
Pareidolia: perceiving patterns or forms in random stimuli..
Quantitative disorders of perception include: increased perception (low accuracy), and decreased perception (reduced intensity/clarity).
Qualitative disorders of perception include hallucination (false sensory perception not related to an external stimuli and illusions)

4: Symptoms in disorders of thinking

Thinking(cognition) is a complex mental function including past, present, future, inter- connection, relationships.
Speed of thinking:
- Psychomotor retardation: slowed mental function (depression).
- Mutism: lack of speech, but thinking present.
- Accelerated thinking: fast, often inaccurate though processes (mania, intoxication).
- Psychomotor acceleration: many cognitive functions accelerated (mania).
- Pseudoincoherence: thought is fast but the speech is not;
- Logorrhea: fluency of speech based on racing thoughts.
Structure of thinking:
- Perseveration: getting stuck on one idea.
- Circumstantiality: circling around the thought, relevant info added before origi- nal point brought up.
- Tangentiality: deviation of the conversation and failing to return back to origin- al topic.
Content of thinking:
- Delusions: false beliefs.
- Expansive: inflated ego.
- Depressive: negative outlook on self and life
- Religous: related to religious themes and beliefs.
- Persecutory: belief that others are out to get the patient.

5. Symptoms in disorders of emotions

Affect: short-term emotion associated with physical symptoms and behaviors.
Mood: long lasting or persistent emotional state.
Lower emotions: related to bodily perception like pain, hunger, etc.
Higher emotions: related to social perceptions.
Euthymic mood: normal range of mood

6. Symptoms in disorders of volition and behavior

Symptoms in disorders of volition:
- Will: the ability to choose a goal directed action;
- Abulia: lack of will
- Hypobulia: lessened will
- Hyperbulia: increased will
Disorders of behavior:
- Impulsiveness: acting on a sudden urge.
- Compulsivity: repetitive, stereotyped behaviors. (Ex. checking something a lot).
- Various other types are discussed and identified.

7. Symptoms in disorders of instincts

Disorders of self-preservation instinct:
- Suicide: self-inflicted death
- Suicidal attempts
- Self-harm/self-mutilation

8. Disorders in memory and intellect

Memory disorders:
- Amnesia: selective or total memory loss
- Hyomnesia: weakened memory
- Hypermnesia: strengthened memory (excessive)
- Pseudologia phantastica: fabrication of non-existent memories.
Intellectual disorders:
- Intellectual disability: deficit in intellectual function from early life.

9. Symptoms in disorders of decision-making (volition) and behavior

Will: the ability to choose goals and pursue them.
Symptoms: abulia (lack of will), hypobulia(reduced will) , hyperbulia(increased will).
Disordered volition involves impulsive actions (kleptomania, pyromania), difficulty in making choices or completing tasks.
Various forms of impulsive or compulsiveness can display issues with behaviour.

10. Major syndromes in psychiatry

Some common psychiatric syndromes are included such as delirium (confusion) status epilepticus (seizure), and other urgent/non-life threatening/non-specific psychiatric states.

11. Laboratory and ancillary tests in psychiatry

Includes genetic tests (for specific disorders), blood tests (glucose, electrolyte), and neurological exams (EEG, MRI).

12. Specific syndromes

Specific syndromes like Serotonin syndrome, delirium tremens, Neuroleptic malignant syndrome.

13. Ethical issues in psychiatry

Ethics of informed consent and the rights of individuals with mental illness.

14. Legal issues in psychiatry

Defines appropriate legal processes, safeguards, protections, and appropriate responses to various behaviors.

15. Transcultural psychiatry

Recognizes cultural and social factors in mental illness and diversity.
Includes culture-bound syndromes that are unique to particular cultures.

16. Research in psychiatry

Aims to identify causes, treatments, and prevalence rates for different mental disorders.
Include epidemiological, genetic, and pharmacological studies.

Part II: Alzheimer's disease and dementia in Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer’s disease is the most well-known cause of dementia and is seen in 50-70% of cases.
Course: Often develops gradually. Early stages are often overlooked.
Risk Factors: Age is the greatest. Genetics, head injuries, vascular disorders, lifestyle are also important factors.
Types: Sporadic (95%) or familial (5%).
Pathophysiology: Degeneration leads to brain shrinkage; accumulation of amyloid-beta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (twisted protein fibers) disrupt brain communication.

2. Other organic mental disorders apart from Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia.

Vascular dementia: commonly caused by cerebrovascular events affecting regions of the brain, with symptoms like memory impairment, reduced cognitive functionality, and disruption of daily activities.
Frontotemporal dementia: characterized by the progressive degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain, leading to changes in personality, behavior, and language. In many cases, there is a familial predisposition.
Lewy body dementia (LBD): a progressive brain disorder characterized by deposits of abnormal protein called Lewy bodies. LBD can cause problems in memory, thinking, and behaviour.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD): is a rare, progressive, and fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by prion protein misfolding.
Huntington's disease: A genetic neurodegenerative disorder resulting in movement disorders, cognitive impairments, & behavioural issues.

17. Addictive and impulsive disorders, Munchhausen syndrome

Pathological Gambling: Compulsive gambling despite negative consequences
Pyromania: compulsive fire-setting
Kleptomania: compulsive stealing
Munchhausen syndrome (by proxy): fabricating or exaggerating illness symptoms in themselves or someone else
Munchhausen syndrome: fabricating symptoms for attention.

18. Gender Identity Disorders and Sexual Preferences

Disorders related to gender identity and sexual preference (Transgender, dysgen- deria).

19. Intellectual disabilities

Mild/moderate: difficulties with basic functions, poor judgment.
Severe/ profound: severe cognitive impairment, reliance on others.

20. Pervasive developmental disorders

Autism: difficulties in sensory processing, social interaction, and often autistic behavior.
Asperger's syndrome: milder form of autism, fewer language and social commu- nication problems, often with specific interests.
These are now considered on a spectrum of severity.

21. Hyperkinetic disorders

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD):
Conduct disorder:
Oppositional defiant disorder.

22. Separation anxiety disorder, elective mutism, tic disorders,

nonorganic enuresis, stuttering

23. Psychiatric symptoms in somatic diseases

Parathyroid disorders:
Thyroid disorders:
Pancreatic disorders:
Hepatic encephalopathy (liver disease):
Uremic encephalopathy (kidney disease):

Part III: Pharmacotherapy.

Antidepressants:
Antipsychotics:
Mood stabilizers:
Cognitive enhancers:

6. Psychopharmacology in pregnancy and lactation

Overview of psychopharmacology in pregnancy and lactation.

12. Serotonin syndrome

Overview, treatment.

13. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).

Indications:
Procedure:
Precautions and contraindications.

7. Other Neurostimulation Methods

Overview of techniques and common use
Including Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and vagus nerve stimulation (VNS).

14. Emergency Psychiatry: Acute Clinical States and First Aid

Acute/urgent/emergent psychiatric states including acute psychosis, intoxication with substance abuse, etc.

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Description

Test your knowledge on various psychiatric disorders and their characteristics. This quiz covers conditions like OCD, catatonic states, and the impact of stigma on mental health. Understand key concepts and terminology essential for psychiatric practice.