Psychology Chapter 5: Long-Term Memory

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of episodic memory?

To provide insight into future events

To learn through observation

To store universally accepted knowledge

To recall specific experiences and events (correct)

How does consolidation relate to episodic and semantic memory?

It prevents forgetting of episodic memories.

It separates episodic and semantic memories.

It enhances episodic memories without losing details.

It transfers information from the hippocampus to the cerebral cortex. (correct)

What distinguishes autobiographical memory from episodic memory?

Autobiographical memory lacks detail.

Autobiographical memory includes more structure and detail. (correct)

Autobiographical memory is less organized.

Autobiographical memory is not related to personal experiences.

What characteristic of episodic memory makes it prone to errors and illusions?

Its constructive, rather than reproductive, nature. Signup and view all the answers

What type of learning does NOT involve explicit intent to acquire knowledge?

Implicit learning Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of memory mentioned?

Cognitive memory Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the episodic details of a memory as it consolidates into a semantic memory?

They are usually lost as the gist is retained. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of implicit learning?

Classical conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What is operant conditioning primarily concerned with?

Learning as a result of rewards and punishments Signup and view all the answers

What does implicit learning involve?

Learning by observing others Signup and view all the answers

According to Levels of Processing theory, which type of analysis is considered the most effective for learning?

Deep analysis based on meaning Signup and view all the answers

In Craik & Tulving's study, what was the primary factor that influenced memory recall?

The type of task used during the study phase Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes explicit learning?

Relies on conscious effort to acquire knowledge Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon was illustrated in Bandura's Bobo Doll Study?

Social learning through observation Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Serial Reaction Time task in implicit learning?

To evaluate reaction speeds in patterned stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT influence explicit learning?

Conditioning through rewards Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes declarative memory from non-declarative memory?

Declarative memory involves conscious recollection. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory refers to knowledge of general facts about the world?

Semantic memory Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of implicit learning?

It involves conditioning and observational learning. Signup and view all the answers

According to Atkinson & Shiffrin’s model, how is short-term memory (STM) characterized?

As a temporary store of information. Signup and view all the answers

What type of non-declarative memory involves 'knowing how' to perform tasks?

Procedural memory Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of explicit (declarative) memory?

Priming Signup and view all the answers

Which memory system is characterized by intentional recall of past experiences?

Declarative memory Signup and view all the answers

In terms of memory systems, how does long-term memory differ from short-term memory?

LTM is a more permanent store of information than STM. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main factor that Craik and Tulving suggested improves memory retention?

The depth of processing Signup and view all the answers

Which method emphasizes making information meaningful related to oneself to enhance memory?

Self-reference Signup and view all the answers

What does the encoding specificity principle state about memory retrieval?

It improves when learning and retrieval conditions match. Signup and view all the answers

According to Morris et al. (1977), recognition memory is improved when what aspect is aligned?

The type of recognition test and processing method used Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinctiveness effect in memory?

Distinct memory traces act as strong retrieval cues. Signup and view all the answers

What does the testing effect suggest about memory retention?

Desirable difficulties during retrieval can enhance long-term retention. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes implicit learning distinctly from explicit learning?

Implicit learning remains relatively intact despite explicit memory issues. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of processing is emphasized by survival relevance to enhance memory?

Survival emphasis Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Long-Term Memory (LTM)

LTM stores a variety of information, including:

Episodic, Semantic and Autobiographical Memory
- Episodic Memory: Specific events, experiences, and memories stored with details of place, time, and context.
- Semantic Memory: General knowledge, facts, and concepts about the world.
- Autobiographical Memory: Memories of significant personal experiences and events.

Explicit vs. Implicit Learning

Explicit learning is deliberate and conscious.
Implicit learning is unintentional and unconscious.
- Classical Conditioning: Learning associations between stimuli and consequences (e.g. Pavlovian dog salivation, fear of spiders).
- Operant Conditioning: Learning to change behavior based on rewards and punishments (e.g. training a dog, getting a pay raise).
- Observational Learning: Learning through watching others (e.g. a child mimicking their parents, learning a new skill by watching a tutorial).

Models of Memory

Atkinson & Shiffrin's Model (1968): This model distinguishes between Short-Term Memory (STM) as a temporary buffer and Long-Term Memory (LTM) as a permanent store.
Complementary Learning Systems (McClelland et al., 1995): This model proposes that recent experiences and episodic memories are initially formed in the hippocampus and then transferred to the cerebral cortex via a process called consolidation.
- Consolidation: During sleep, new information is integrated with old information, transforming episodic memories into more semantic memories.

Explicit Learning Processes

Levels of Processing Theory (Craik & Lockhart, 1972): Deeper processing of information leads to more effective learning and memory retention.
- Shallow Processing: Processing focuses on physical aspects of a stimulus (e.g., if a word is written in uppercase or lowercase).
- Deep Processing: Processing focuses on meaning or semantic aspects of a stimulus (e.g., understanding the meaning of a word or its relationship to a sentence).
The Testing Effect (Roediger & Karpicke, 2006): Frequent retrieval practice during learning improves retention.
- Retrieval practice is more effective than simply rereading material.

Distinctiveness Effect

Memory traces that stand out from others are easier to remember.
Distinctiveness acts as a retrieval cue, reducing interference effects.
- Example: "Giraffe" would be more memorable amongst a list of words like "cushion," "lamb," and "stove."

Implicit Learning vs Explicit Learning

Evidence from Amnesic Patients: Amnesic patients have impaired explicit memories but relatively intact implicit memories, suggesting that these forms of learning involve different brain processes.
Age-Related Differences: Explicit learning is more susceptible to decline with age than implicit learning.

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Description

Explore the nuances of Long-Term Memory (LTM), including episodic, semantic, and autobiographical memory. Understand the differences between explicit and implicit learning, along with classical and operant conditioning. This quiz will help reinforce your comprehension of these significant psychological concepts.