Psychology Chapter 5 Flashcards

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What has become a conditioned stimulus for Michael's dog?

the sound of the dish

What is the term for Angelica's fear of all dogs after being scared by one?

stimulus generalization

In Watson's experiment with 'Little Albert,' what was the conditioned stimulus?

the white rat

What is an example of vicarious classical conditioning observed in Tony?

Tony experiences feelings of fear when he sees a spider. Signup and view all the answers

What might we predict about Cindy's reaction to cheesy tacos in the future?

Cindy will probably get nauseated the next time she tries to eat cheesy tacos. Signup and view all the answers

Rescorla found that the CS must ________ the UCS for conditioning to take place.

predict Signup and view all the answers

To a dog, is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas is an example of a secondary reinforcer.

dog food; a frisbee Signup and view all the answers

What type of behavior did Edgar exhibit to avoid worry and sleeplessness?

negative reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What schedule of reinforcement is evident in Joe's mail checking?

variable interval Signup and view all the answers

What type of discipline did Jimmie's mother use when she took away his building blocks?

punishment by removal Signup and view all the answers

What example of a token economy did Tabitha engage in?

accumulating reward miles Signup and view all the answers

What is the best example of applied behavior analysis?

Agatha observes a child to see what purpose a disruptive classroom behavior serves Signup and view all the answers

What was significant about the rats in Tolman's maze study?

They had already learned the maze in the first 9 days. Signup and view all the answers

What ability did Lisa demonstrate when she managed to bake the pies herself?

latent learning Signup and view all the answers

Which theory is known as the 'aha!' phenomenon?

Köhler's insight theory Signup and view all the answers

Learned helplessness may be due to a region of the brain known as the ________.

ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for learning that happens without actual performance?

learning/performance distinction Signup and view all the answers

Adults are not negatively affected by viewing or playing violent media.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence of the four elements of observational learning?

Attention, memory, imitation, desire Signup and view all the answers

What element of observational learning did Leticia struggle with when trying to crack her own eggs?

imitation Signup and view all the answers

What caused Sheila to change her behavior at the street corner?

learning Signup and view all the answers

What is the conditioned stimulus in the example of the dog and the leash?

the sound of the leash Signup and view all the answers

What is it called when a child does not show fear of a black rat after being conditioned to fear a white rat?

stimulus discrimination Signup and view all the answers

What has occurred when a dog stops responding to the sound of its leash?

extinction Signup and view all the answers

What caused Rhonda's queasiness at the thought of fish with tartar sauce?

a conditioned taste aversion Signup and view all the answers

What did Caitlin's professor refer to her findings on conditioned taste aversion as?

biological preparedness Signup and view all the answers

What theory explains why Blake washes his car before going out?

Skinner's theory of operant conditioning Signup and view all the answers

In classical conditioning, behavior typically is , whereas with operant conditioning, behavior is .

involuntary; voluntary Signup and view all the answers

Where do secondary reinforcers get their power from?

classical conditioning Signup and view all the answers

Positive reinforcement results in in the target behavior and negative reinforcement results in in the target behavior.

an increase; an increase Signup and view all the answers

What did Belinda do to relieve her headache?

negative reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What schedule of reinforcement does Ben experience if he is paid every 2 weeks?

fixed interval Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of punishment by removal in Denise's case?

losing her cell phone privileges Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between negative reinforcement and punishment?

Negative reinforcement strengthens a response, while punishment weakens a response. Signup and view all the answers

Which is an example of extinction with operant conditioning?

A mother ignores her child's temper tantrum so that the behavior ultimately goes away. Signup and view all the answers

What does instinctive drift mean in studies by Keller and Marian Breland?

The animals studied would learn skills through reinforcement but eventually revert to their genetically controlled patterns of behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the sudden realization that helps solve a problem?

insight learning Signup and view all the answers

What concept explains Jody's reluctance against retaking college algebra?

learned helplessness Signup and view all the answers

What does AMID stand for in the context of observational learning?

Attention, Memory, Imitation, Desire Signup and view all the answers

What component of Bandura's model explains why Darla has not started a weight-loss program?

Darla is not motivated, nor does she have the desire to begin the program. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Classical Conditioning

A conditioned stimulus, like a dog’s food dish, elicits a response when paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
Stimulus generalization occurs when a fear of a specific stimulus (e.g., a dog) extends to similar stimuli (all dogs).
In Watson's experiment, "Little Albert" was conditioned to fear a white rat, demonstrating classical conditioning principles.

Vicarious Conditioning

Vicarious classical conditioning refers to acquiring a fear through observation, as seen when Tony felt fear after watching his sisters react to spiders.

Conditioned Taste Aversion

Conditioned taste aversion refers to aversions formed after negative experiences with specific foods, such as Cindy’s nausea after eating cheesy tacos.
It can occur after just one trial, illustrating biological preparedness in animals, as shown in Caitlin's experiments.

Reinforcement and Behavior

Primary reinforcers (e.g., dog food) satisfy basic needs, while secondary reinforcers (e.g., a frisbee) acquire value through association.
Negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus, as illustrated by Edgar completing his work to avoid worry.
Schedules of reinforcement include variable intervals, where rewards are given at unpredictable times, influencing behavior over time.

Punishment and Discipline

Punishment by removal involves taking away privileges (e.g., Jimmie's blocks) to decrease unwanted behavior.
Fixed interval schedules provide consistent rewards after set periods, regardless of individual effort levels.

Observational Learning

Observational learning involves four elements: Attention, Memory, Imitation, and Desire (AMID).
Leticia's failed attempt to imitate her father illustrates challenges in the imitation aspect of observational learning.

Insight and Latent Learning

Insight learning is a sudden realization of a solution, as seen when Jose figured out how to handle his work deadline.
Latent learning, demonstrated by Lisa, shows that skills can be acquired without immediate reinforcement, waiting until the right opportunity arises.

Learned Helplessness

Learned helplessness occurs when individuals feel powerless to influence outcomes, as exhibited by Jody’s reluctance to try again despite support.

Distinguishing Behaviors

Classical conditioning usually involves involuntary responses, whereas operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors.
Extinction in operant conditioning happens when behaviors decline due to the absence of reinforcement, like a mother ignoring tantrums.

Impact of Media

Exposure to violent media does negatively affect adults, contradicting some beliefs about resilience to media influences.

Theories of Reinforcement

Positive reinforcement leads to an increase in behavior, while negative reinforcement also promotes behavior by alleviating discomfort.
Skinner's theory emphasizes how behaviors are shaped through reinforcement and the consequences they yield.

Behavioral Trends

Instinctive drift shows animals reverting to genetic behavior patterns despite learning.
Denise’s punishment by removal for breaking curfew serves to weaken her undesired behavior.

Motivation and Learning

Bandura’s model highlights motivation as essential for the desire to imitate behavior, explaining why some individuals may resist following suit despite role models.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your understanding of key concepts from Chapter 5 of Psychology. This quiz features flashcards that cover important terms such as conditioned stimulus and fears stemming from past experiences. Perfect for reinforcing your knowledge and preparing for exams in psychology.