Questions and Answers
What has become a conditioned stimulus for Michael's dog?
the sound of the dish
What is the term for Angelica's fear of all dogs after being scared by one?
stimulus generalization
In Watson's experiment with 'Little Albert,' what was the conditioned stimulus?
the white rat
What is an example of vicarious classical conditioning observed in Tony?
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What might we predict about Cindy's reaction to cheesy tacos in the future?
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Rescorla found that the CS must ________ the UCS for conditioning to take place.
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To a dog, ________ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas ________ is an example of a secondary reinforcer.
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What type of behavior did Edgar exhibit to avoid worry and sleeplessness?
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What schedule of reinforcement is evident in Joe's mail checking?
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What type of discipline did Jimmie's mother use when she took away his building blocks?
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What example of a token economy did Tabitha engage in?
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What is the best example of applied behavior analysis?
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What was significant about the rats in Tolman's maze study?
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What ability did Lisa demonstrate when she managed to bake the pies herself?
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Which theory is known as the 'aha!' phenomenon?
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Learned helplessness may be due to a region of the brain known as the ________.
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What is the term for learning that happens without actual performance?
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Adults are not negatively affected by viewing or playing violent media.
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What is the correct sequence of the four elements of observational learning?
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What element of observational learning did Leticia struggle with when trying to crack her own eggs?
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What caused Sheila to change her behavior at the street corner?
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What is the conditioned stimulus in the example of the dog and the leash?
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What is it called when a child does not show fear of a black rat after being conditioned to fear a white rat?
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What has occurred when a dog stops responding to the sound of its leash?
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What caused Rhonda's queasiness at the thought of fish with tartar sauce?
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What did Caitlin's professor refer to her findings on conditioned taste aversion as?
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What theory explains why Blake washes his car before going out?
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In classical conditioning, behavior typically is ________, whereas with operant conditioning, behavior is ________.
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Where do secondary reinforcers get their power from?
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Positive reinforcement results in ________ in the target behavior and negative reinforcement results in ________ in the target behavior.
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What did Belinda do to relieve her headache?
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What schedule of reinforcement does Ben experience if he is paid every 2 weeks?
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What is an example of punishment by removal in Denise's case?
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What is the relationship between negative reinforcement and punishment?
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Which is an example of extinction with operant conditioning?
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What does instinctive drift mean in studies by Keller and Marian Breland?
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What is the term for the sudden realization that helps solve a problem?
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What concept explains Jody's reluctance against retaking college algebra?
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What does AMID stand for in the context of observational learning?
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What component of Bandura's model explains why Darla has not started a weight-loss program?
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Study Notes
Classical Conditioning
- A conditioned stimulus, like a dog’s food dish, elicits a response when paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
- Stimulus generalization occurs when a fear of a specific stimulus (e.g., a dog) extends to similar stimuli (all dogs).
- In Watson's experiment, "Little Albert" was conditioned to fear a white rat, demonstrating classical conditioning principles.
Vicarious Conditioning
- Vicarious classical conditioning refers to acquiring a fear through observation, as seen when Tony felt fear after watching his sisters react to spiders.
Conditioned Taste Aversion
- Conditioned taste aversion refers to aversions formed after negative experiences with specific foods, such as Cindy’s nausea after eating cheesy tacos.
- It can occur after just one trial, illustrating biological preparedness in animals, as shown in Caitlin's experiments.
Reinforcement and Behavior
- Primary reinforcers (e.g., dog food) satisfy basic needs, while secondary reinforcers (e.g., a frisbee) acquire value through association.
- Negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus, as illustrated by Edgar completing his work to avoid worry.
- Schedules of reinforcement include variable intervals, where rewards are given at unpredictable times, influencing behavior over time.
Punishment and Discipline
- Punishment by removal involves taking away privileges (e.g., Jimmie's blocks) to decrease unwanted behavior.
- Fixed interval schedules provide consistent rewards after set periods, regardless of individual effort levels.
Observational Learning
- Observational learning involves four elements: Attention, Memory, Imitation, and Desire (AMID).
- Leticia's failed attempt to imitate her father illustrates challenges in the imitation aspect of observational learning.
Insight and Latent Learning
- Insight learning is a sudden realization of a solution, as seen when Jose figured out how to handle his work deadline.
- Latent learning, demonstrated by Lisa, shows that skills can be acquired without immediate reinforcement, waiting until the right opportunity arises.
Learned Helplessness
- Learned helplessness occurs when individuals feel powerless to influence outcomes, as exhibited by Jody’s reluctance to try again despite support.
Distinguishing Behaviors
- Classical conditioning usually involves involuntary responses, whereas operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors.
- Extinction in operant conditioning happens when behaviors decline due to the absence of reinforcement, like a mother ignoring tantrums.
Impact of Media
- Exposure to violent media does negatively affect adults, contradicting some beliefs about resilience to media influences.
Theories of Reinforcement
- Positive reinforcement leads to an increase in behavior, while negative reinforcement also promotes behavior by alleviating discomfort.
- Skinner's theory emphasizes how behaviors are shaped through reinforcement and the consequences they yield.
Behavioral Trends
- Instinctive drift shows animals reverting to genetic behavior patterns despite learning.
- Denise’s punishment by removal for breaking curfew serves to weaken her undesired behavior.
Motivation and Learning
- Bandura’s model highlights motivation as essential for the desire to imitate behavior, explaining why some individuals may resist following suit despite role models.
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Description
Test your understanding of key concepts from Chapter 5 of Psychology. This quiz features flashcards that cover important terms such as conditioned stimulus and fears stemming from past experiences. Perfect for reinforcing your knowledge and preparing for exams in psychology.
