Podcast
Questions and Answers
The application of scientific methods to study internal mental events is called ______ psychology.
The application of scientific methods to study internal mental events is called ______ psychology.
cognitive
Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed a three-stage model of memory, including sensory memory, ______ memory, and long-term memory.
Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed a three-stage model of memory, including sensory memory, ______ memory, and long-term memory.
short-term
Endel Tulving identified three components of long-term memory: episodic, semantic, and ______.
Endel Tulving identified three components of long-term memory: episodic, semantic, and ______.
procedural
Sensory memory has a very short duration, lasting less than ______ second.
Sensory memory has a very short duration, lasting less than ______ second.
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Short-term memory has a limited ______ capacity.
Short-term memory has a limited ______ capacity.
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Episodic memory refers to memories of ______ events.
Episodic memory refers to memories of ______ events.
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Semantic memory stores ______ facts and knowledge.
Semantic memory stores ______ facts and knowledge.
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Neuropsychology investigates the behavior of individuals with brain damage, comparing them to individuals without damage while engaging in various ______.
Neuropsychology investigates the behavior of individuals with brain damage, comparing them to individuals without damage while engaging in various ______.
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The study of mental processes involved in understanding and engaging with life and the world is known as ______ psychology.
The study of mental processes involved in understanding and engaging with life and the world is known as ______ psychology.
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The ______ revolution marked a significant shift in the study of the mind, drawing inspiration from the development of computers.
The ______ revolution marked a significant shift in the study of the mind, drawing inspiration from the development of computers.
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Early attempts to study the mind in the 1800s and early 1900s involved approaches like ______, a method that uses introspection to examine the structure of the mind.
Early attempts to study the mind in the 1800s and early 1900s involved approaches like ______, a method that uses introspection to examine the structure of the mind.
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The study of the relationship between physical stimuli and psychological experiences is known as ______.
The study of the relationship between physical stimuli and psychological experiences is known as ______.
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The German psychologist ______ is known for his experiments investigating reaction times, particularly focusing on simple and choice reaction times.
The German psychologist ______ is known for his experiments investigating reaction times, particularly focusing on simple and choice reaction times.
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The psychologist ______ conducted studies on memory using techniques like the forgetting curve and the savings curve.
The psychologist ______ conducted studies on memory using techniques like the forgetting curve and the savings curve.
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The behaviorist approach, which dominated psychology in the early to mid-1900s, focused on observable and verifiable behavior, with ______ being a key figure in this movement.
The behaviorist approach, which dominated psychology in the early to mid-1900s, focused on observable and verifiable behavior, with ______ being a key figure in this movement.
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The behaviorist approach emphasizes the study of ______, which are learned through reinforcement.
The behaviorist approach emphasizes the study of ______, which are learned through reinforcement.
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The psychologist ______ proposed the concept of cognitive maps, challenging the strict behaviorist view by demonstrating the role of internal representations in learning.
The psychologist ______ proposed the concept of cognitive maps, challenging the strict behaviorist view by demonstrating the role of internal representations in learning.
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Modern cognitive psychology has expanded to encompass a wide range of areas, including the use of technologies like EEG and brain imaging techniques such as ______.
Modern cognitive psychology has expanded to encompass a wide range of areas, including the use of technologies like EEG and brain imaging techniques such as ______.
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Broadbent introduced flow diagrams to describe the role of ______ in filtering information.
Broadbent introduced flow diagrams to describe the role of ______ in filtering information.
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The information processing approach was inspired by the introduction of ______ in the 1960s.
The information processing approach was inspired by the introduction of ______ in the 1960s.
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Cognition refers to the ______ processes involved in acquiring and using knowledge.
Cognition refers to the ______ processes involved in acquiring and using knowledge.
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Strong objections to the idea that we are merely ______ machines became increasingly common.
Strong objections to the idea that we are merely ______ machines became increasingly common.
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The introduction of computers revealed that there is more than just inputs and outputs; there is ______ processing.
The introduction of computers revealed that there is more than just inputs and outputs; there is ______ processing.
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The principle of ______ suggests that the brain fills in gaps to perceive complete forms.
The principle of ______ suggests that the brain fills in gaps to perceive complete forms.
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In the figure-ground relationship, stimuli that stand out are considered the ______.
In the figure-ground relationship, stimuli that stand out are considered the ______.
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The ______ effect demonstrates that we perceive vertical and horizontal lines more easily than angled lines.
The ______ effect demonstrates that we perceive vertical and horizontal lines more easily than angled lines.
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The ______ from above assumption explains that we interpret visual information based on light coming from above.
The ______ from above assumption explains that we interpret visual information based on light coming from above.
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Height in the plane assumption is related to our perception of ______ and distance.
Height in the plane assumption is related to our perception of ______ and distance.
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Auditory sound difference helps in determining the ______ of sounds in our environment.
Auditory sound difference helps in determining the ______ of sounds in our environment.
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Perceptual systems utilize regularities of the environment which can be described as ______ or experience-based.
Perceptual systems utilize regularities of the environment which can be described as ______ or experience-based.
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Stimuli that are novel, intense, bright, moving, or loud are often seen as the ______.
Stimuli that are novel, intense, bright, moving, or loud are often seen as the ______.
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The ______ pathway is important for determining the identity of an object.
The ______ pathway is important for determining the identity of an object.
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The ______ pathway is crucial for determining the location of an object.
The ______ pathway is crucial for determining the location of an object.
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The perception pathway travels from the visual cortex to the ______ lobe.
The perception pathway travels from the visual cortex to the ______ lobe.
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The action pathway extends from the visual cortex to the ______ lobe.
The action pathway extends from the visual cortex to the ______ lobe.
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Mirror neurons respond while a subject observes an action being performed in the same way as if they were ______ the action.
Mirror neurons respond while a subject observes an action being performed in the same way as if they were ______ the action.
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Iacoboni's research found a higher rate of mirroring if the subject's intention to ______ the action was greater.
Iacoboni's research found a higher rate of mirroring if the subject's intention to ______ the action was greater.
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The action pathway is also referred to as the ______ pathway.
The action pathway is also referred to as the ______ pathway.
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The ventral pathway corresponds to the ______ pathway in the brain.
The ventral pathway corresponds to the ______ pathway in the brain.
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We come to expect certain things in 'typical' scenes, which is our scene ______.
We come to expect certain things in 'typical' scenes, which is our scene ______.
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One's estimate of the probability of a given outcome is influenced by the prior ______.
One's estimate of the probability of a given outcome is influenced by the prior ______.
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The current input or ______ influences our estimation of the probability of a given outcome.
The current input or ______ influences our estimation of the probability of a given outcome.
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Expectations may be updated after an ______.
Expectations may be updated after an ______.
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The Bayesian Inference approach to perception uses ______ to update prior knowledge.
The Bayesian Inference approach to perception uses ______ to update prior knowledge.
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Reverend Thomas Bayes is associated with the development of ______ inference.
Reverend Thomas Bayes is associated with the development of ______ inference.
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Expectations before the event are often shaped by past ______.
Expectations before the event are often shaped by past ______.
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When attending to stimuli, our ability to process information is affected by our ______ expectations.
When attending to stimuli, our ability to process information is affected by our ______ expectations.
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Flashcards
Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive Psychology
The scientific study of mental processes and how they influence behavior.
Cognition
Cognition
Mental processes involved in understanding and engaging with life and the world.
Psychophysics
Psychophysics
Study of the relationship between physical stimuli and sensory perception.
Behaviorism
Behaviorism
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Cognitive Maps
Cognitive Maps
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Cognitive Revolution
Cognitive Revolution
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Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve
Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve
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EEG and fMRI
EEG and fMRI
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Flow Diagrams
Flow Diagrams
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Information Processing Approach
Information Processing Approach
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Computers in Psychology
Computers in Psychology
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Good Continuation
Good Continuation
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Closure
Closure
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Figure and Ground
Figure and Ground
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Oblique Effect
Oblique Effect
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Light from Above Assumption
Light from Above Assumption
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Height in the Plane Assumption
Height in the Plane Assumption
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Physical Regularities
Physical Regularities
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Top-Down Processing
Top-Down Processing
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Three-stage model of memory
Three-stage model of memory
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Sensory memory
Sensory memory
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Short-term memory
Short-term memory
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Long-term memory
Long-term memory
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Episodic memory
Episodic memory
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Semantic memory
Semantic memory
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Procedural memory
Procedural memory
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Brain imaging techniques
Brain imaging techniques
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Scene Schema
Scene Schema
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Expectation Violation
Expectation Violation
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Bayesian Inference
Bayesian Inference
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Prior Probability
Prior Probability
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Likelihood
Likelihood
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Updating Expectations
Updating Expectations
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Thomas Bayes
Thomas Bayes
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Cognitive Processing
Cognitive Processing
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What pathway
What pathway
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Where pathway
Where pathway
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Perception pathway
Perception pathway
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Action pathway
Action pathway
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Mirror neurons
Mirror neurons
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Higher mirroring
Higher mirroring
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Ventral pathway
Ventral pathway
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Dorsal pathway
Dorsal pathway
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Study Notes
Cognitive Psychology Exam 1 Review
- The exam review slides summarize key points from the lectures.
- Students should also use MindTap flashcards for vocabulary review and MindTap chapter quizzes for practice.
- If a concept is unclear, review the corresponding lecture and chapter material.
Chapter 1: Introduction to Cognitive Psychology
- Cognitive psychology connects the mind, research, and everyday experience.
- Early attempts to study the mind (1800s-early 1900s) included approaches by Fechner and Weber (psychophysics), Wundt (structuralism and introspection), Donders (simple and choice reaction times), Ebbinghaus (forgetting and savings curves), and James (psychology text and course). Introduction of behaviorism with focus on observable behavior in the early – mid 1900's.
- Mid-1900s behaviorism focused on observable behavior, explored by Pavlov, Watson and Skinner.
- Later, cognitive maps and trial-and-error learning were researched by Tolman and Thorndike.
- The 1950s and 1960s marked the start of the cognitive revolution, sparked by computer science and leading to the study of human information processing.
- Contemporary cognitive psychology (1970s - present) expanded to include additional areas and employed new methods like EEG and brain imaging (e.g., PET and fMRI).
Definition of Cognition
- Cognition refers to mental processes used for understanding and interacting with the world.
- Cognitive processes include sensory perception, attention, learning, recognizing/recalling, communication, reasoning, problem solving, judgment, and decision-making.
The Rise of Behaviorism
- Behaviorism advocated restricting psychology to objective observable behaviors.
- Subjective reports (studying the "mind") were viewed as unreliable and unverifiable.
- Key figures included Pavlov, focused on digestion and classical conditioning, followed by Watson, emphasizing observable behavior and predicting behavior via stimulus. Skinner explored operant conditioning, shaping behavior through consequences.
The Cognitive Revolution: Early Steps
- Figures like Piaget studied intellectual development in children.
- Chomsky criticized behaviorism's theories regarding language acquisition, arguing that humans are wired for language learning.
- Tolman used a behaviorist approach to demonstrate the existence of cognitive maps in animals.
- Thorndike's work highlighted trial-and-error learning in animals.
The Cognitive Revolution: Major Events
- Neisser coined the term "cognitive psychology" in his 1967 book.
- This solidified the shift towards cognitive psychology.
Broadbent's Flow Diagrams
- Broadbent introduced flow diagrams to describe the role of attention in filtering information.
- The diagrams illustrated a stepwise view of information processing.
Objections to Behaviorism
- Objections to the stimulus-response machine model dominated and led to rejection of the idea that the mind could not be studied.
- Cognition was defined as mental processes in acquiring and using knowledge.
Information Processing Approach
- Inspired by computers, this approach viewed the mind as an information processor.
- Internal processing was a central focus, contrasting with previous behavioral models.
- Scientific observation of internal mental events was valued.
Memory Models
- Atkinson and Shiffrin's three-stage model of memory includes sensory, short-term, and long-term memory.
- Endel Tulving's later refinements introduced episodic, semantic, and procedural long-term memory components.
- Models became more sophisticated over time, with increasing detail in flow diagrams describing processing, and the role of working memory and attention within the model.
Neuroscience and Physiology of Cognition
- Neuropsychology studies behavior with brain damage.
- Electrophysiology examines electrical responses in the nervous system.
- Brain imaging techniques like PET and fMRI show brain areas active during cognitive tasks.
Chapter 2 Topics: Neurons and the Brain
- The structure and function of the brain are covered.
- Levels of analysis (behavior versus physiology; systems versus components) were examined.
- Early views such as the nerve net model and neuron doctrine are outlined.
- Neural communication mechanisms, along with neural pathways and rates to intensity of stimulation were detailed.
- Evidence for hierarchical processing (e.g., in vision, from edge orientation to face recognition) and encoding types (specificity, population, and sparse coding) is included.
- Localization of brain function (neuropsychology, neuron recordings, brain imaging), distributed neural representation (structural versus functional connectivity), and dynamic functional networks (e.g., default mode network) were detailed.
- Levels and types of analysis.
- The structure of a neuron.
Chapter 3 Topics: Perception
- Challenges of visual perception, such as inverse projection problem and viewpoint invariance.
- Bottom-up(data based) and top-down (knowledge based) processing are critical components in the theory of perception.
- Historical views on perception, including Helmholtz's unconscious inference, Gestalt principles, environmental regularities and Bayesian inferences, are reviewed.
- Relationships between perception and action.
- Separate brain pathways for perceiving objects and interacting with them are examined.
- The role of mirror neurons in understanding and relating to others' actions are outlined.
Chapter 3 - Key Information
- The human perception includes 8 senses—sight, touch, taste, smell, movement, balance, interoception (internal body conditions like hunger, pain), and hearing.
- The mind uses direct and indirect methods for perceiving stimuli.
- Perception involves various stages and perceptual organization rules (like laws of Pragnanz, similarity, closure, good continuation plus similarity), which are intrinsic “built in” principles involved in organizing stimuli.
- Use of physical and semantic regularities—as well as an understanding of scene schemas—to make inferences and process environment are important parts of perception.
- Different approaches include top down, bottom up, and Bayesian inference that are essential for understanding perception.
Exam Information
- Exam 1 will be administered on Friday or Saturday.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts in psychology related to memory and neuropsychology. This quiz covers models of memory, components of long-term memory, and the impact of brain damage on behavior. Challenge yourself on the specifics of episodic and semantic memory while exploring the historical context of psychological study.
