Psychology Chapter 2 Quiz

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What does lethargy refer to in the context of consciousness levels?

An inability to be aroused

A complete lack of awareness

A mild depressed level of alertness (correct)

A state of high alertness

What can result from unsatisfied oral needs during the oral stage of development?

Oral fixation (correct)

Increased tidiness

Balanced personality

Overachievement

In the context of the ego in post-Freudian theory, what does the body-ego represent?

The psychological needs for identity and worth

The moral judgments of an individual

The physical self distinguishable from others (correct)

The connection between the socio-cultural self and others

Which of the following best describes Carl Rogers' approach to therapy?

Client-centered and non-directive Signup and view all the answers

According to individual psychology, what is deemed as the ultimate goal of the human soul?

Perfection and superiority Signup and view all the answers

How does Yerkes-Dodson Law relate physiological arousal to performance on tasks?

Performance is optimal at a specific level of arousal depending on task difficulty. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the nature of unconscious motivation?

It can lead to behaviors that individuals cannot explain. Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological concept is primarily focused on achieving personal potential and goals?

Self-Actualization Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes primary drives from secondary drives?

Primary drives arise from biological needs, whereas secondary drives arise from learned associations. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a key aspect of Herzberg's Two-Factor Model?

Job Enrichment Signup and view all the answers

What need according to McClelland’s theory is associated with the desire for warm and friendly relationships?

Affiliation Signup and view all the answers

How does the locus of control influence interpretation of negative behaviors?

Internal locus is attributed to personal actions, while external locus relates behavior to outside influences. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Expectancy Theory primarily explain about individual behavior in organizations?

The choice of actions based on anticipated outcomes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the differences between extroverts and introverts in relation to arousal theory?

Extroverts require less external stimulation due to lower arousal thresholds, while introverts need more. Signup and view all the answers

Which motivational factor involves underlying sexual and aggressive drives according to Freudian concepts?

Libidinal Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of motivation according to the content provided?

To energize behavior and drive individuals towards goal attainment. Signup and view all the answers

According to incentive theory, which statement reflects how individuals engage in behavior?

Individuals act based on both internal needs and external rewards. Signup and view all the answers

In McClelland's Needs Theory, which of the following is not one of the three most important needs?

Recognition Signup and view all the answers

Which concept describes the necessity for order and beauty in motivation?

Aesthetic Signup and view all the answers

What component is NOT included in Madga B.'s motivation model?

Achievement Signup and view all the answers

What type of needs does Herzberg categorize as 'hygiene' factors?

Dissatisfiers that affect work environment Signup and view all the answers

What is a contributing factor to higher motivation and performance in individuals?

Setting specific goals Signup and view all the answers

In Adam's Equity Theory, feelings of being treated equitably lead to what behavior?

Increased motivation and productivity Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is specifically associated with male physiological urges?

Androgen Signup and view all the answers

What psychological motive primarily involves the need for social connections?

Affection Signup and view all the answers

In which theory does behavior change through reinforcement methods?

Behavioral theory Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes procedural equity?

Perception of fairness in processes involved Signup and view all the answers

What does dependency as a psychological motive emphasize?

The need for emotional support from others Signup and view all the answers

Which type of attribution explains performance in terms of luck?

Luck attribution Signup and view all the answers

What psychological motive relates to the desire for physical and social stability?

Security and safety Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical aspect of the approach/avoidance goal framework?

Goals can be directed either toward or away from outcomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of humanistic theory in the study of human behavior?

Choice, creativity, and self-realization Signup and view all the answers

What does the latency stage of development primarily involve?

Developing new skills and knowledge Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a defense mechanism proposed by Freud?

Self-actualization Signup and view all the answers

What do the Oedipus and Electra complexes represent in psychodynamic theory?

Attraction to opposite-sex parents Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, which component of personality is responsible for mediating between the desires of the id and the moral standards of the superego?

Ego Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of Freud's theory focuses on adolescent sexual experimentation?

Genital stage Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the set of inborn patterns of behavior according to Freud?

Instincts Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'level of consciousness' measure?

Arousal and responsiveness to stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following insight is NOT associated with humanistic theory?

Inborn drives and instincts Signup and view all the answers

Freud's psychoanalytic theory emphasizes personality formation through conflicts among which components?

Id, ego, and superego Signup and view all the answers

Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Learning

Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from practice, experience, or training.
Key elements of learning include changes in behavior, changes occurring through practice or experience, and a relatively permanent effect that lasts for a long time.

Theories of Learning

Connectionism (Thorndike): Learning involves forming connections or bonds between stimuli and responses.
Classical Conditioning (Pavlov): A neutral stimulus gains the ability to elicit a response because it's paired with an unconditioned stimulus. This learning is through association.
Operant Conditioning (Skinner): Learning occurs through consequences. A behavior that's followed by a reinforcing consequence is more likely to be repeated, while a behavior followed by a punishing consequence is less likely to be repeated. This learning is a three-part sequence: antecedents, behavior, and consequences.
Consequences: Provide reinforcement (increasing the likelihood of behavior) or punishment (decreasing the likelihood of behavior).
- Positive Reinforcement: Increases behavior by adding a desirable stimulus.
- Negative Reinforcement: Increases behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus.
- Primary Reinforcement: naturally rewarding stimulus
- Secondary Reinforcement: becomes rewarding through association with primary reinforcement
- Punishment: Decreases behavior by adding an unpleasant stimulus or removing a desirable stimulus.

Elements of Classical Conditioning

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response.
Unconditioned Response (UCR): The automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the UCS, now triggers a conditioned response.
Conditioned Response (CR): The learned response to the conditioned stimulus.

Laws of Learning

Readiness: Learning occurs when the learner is psychologically and physiologically prepared.
Exercise: Repetition and rehearsals aid learning.
Effect: Consequences of a response influence whether the behavior will occur again (favorable/satisfying or unfavorable/unsatisfying).

Memory

Sensory Memory: Brief storage that immediately follows initial stimulation of a receptor. Holds many items; very brief retention (visual: 3 seconds; auditory: 0.2 seconds). Needs attention to transfer to working memory.
Working Memory/Short-term Memory: Holds information we are currently aware of or consciously thinking about. Limited capacity (7-8 items); brief storage (about 30 seconds).
Long-term Memory: Preserves unlimited items of information over long periods; unlimited capacity and duration (thought to be permanent).

Sensory Memory Types

Iconic Memory: Visual sensory memory (holds visual information up to a second)
Echoic Memory: Auditory sensory memory (holds auditory information for 1-2 seconds)
Haptic Memory: Touch information
Gustric Memory: Taste information
Olfactic Memory: Smell information

Memory Processes

Encoding: Transforming sensory input into a code.
Storage: Encoding information into a form that is retrievable over time.
Retrieval: Recovering stored information from memory storage.

Memory Models

Information-Processing Model: Stages include encoding, storage and retrieval.

Memory Theories

Encoding Failure: Failure to properly encode information, hindering its retrieval.
Interference: One memory interfering with ability to retrieve another, new memories interfering with old memories (Retroactive); old memories interfering with new memories (Proactive).
Motivated Forgetting: Consciously or subconsciously keeping undesirable memories out of awareness.
Retrieval Failure: Inability to locate stored information, even if it exists,
Decay: Memories fade away over time if not frequently used.

Forgetting

Retrieval Failures: Difficulty in accessing stored information.
Encoding Failures: Information was never fully encoded.
Interference: Other memories or events interfere with retrieval.
Motivated forgetting: Conscious or unconscious suppression of unpleasant memories.
Decay: Fading of memory over time due to disuse.

Other Learning Models

Observational Learning (Bandura): Learning by observing others and imitating their behaviors.

Other Theories of Intelligence

Spearman (g factor): General intelligence (g factor) influences performance across different tasks.
Thurstone: Multiple intelligences, separate abilities.
Gardner: Multiple intelligences including verbal-linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist.
Sternberg: Three types of intelligence: analytic, creative, and practical.

Emotions

Elements of Emotions: Bodily response, expression, and feelings.
Theories of Emotions:
- James-Lange Theory: Emotions follow bodily responses.
- Cannon-Bard Theory: Emotion and bodily reactions occur simultaneously.
- Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory: Emotions need both arousal and a cognitive interpretation of that arousal.
- Evolutionary Perspective: Emotions are functional for survival.
Areas of Emotions: Facial expressions, brain regions and pathways, autonomic nervous system.
Classification of Emotions: Primary emotions, mixed emotions
Motivations: Internal states that activate and direct behavior.
Theories of Motivation: Instinct, homeostasis, arousal, incentive, Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

Personality

Personality: Enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that distinguish individuals from one another.
Theories of Personality:
- Trait Theory: Identifying and measuring individual personality characteristics (e.g., Big Five model).
- Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud): Personality is formed from conflicts among the id, ego, and superego.
- Humanistic Theory: Focuses on individual's experience, choices, and potential.
- Neo-Freudian Theories: Emphasize social and cultural factors in personality development.

Assessing Personality

Methods:
- Objective Tests (inventories): Written self-report questionnaires.
- Projective Tests: Ambiguous stimuli, interpreted to reveal unconscious motives.
- Behavioral Assessments: Observing and recording behavior in certain situations.

Important Concepts

Locus of Control: Extent to which individuals believe they can control their own lives (internal and external factors).
Self-Efficacy: Belief in one's ability to succeed in a specific situation.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your understanding of key concepts in psychology, including levels of consciousness, developmental stages, and motivation theories. This quiz covers important theories from Freud to Rogers, focusing on individual psychology and performance measures. Challenge yourself with questions based on classic psychological frameworks.