ITP Finals PDF

LEARNING -​ relatively permanent change in behavior as a d.​ Conditioned Response (CR) result of practice, experience, or training -​ (salivation to the bell) – learned 3 ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS; response to the...

LEARNING -​ relatively permanent change in behavior as a d.​ Conditioned Response (CR) result of practice, experience, or training -​ (salivation to the bell) – learned 3 ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS; response to the conditioned -​ change in behavior stimulus -​ change occurs through practice or experience CLASSICAL CONDITIONING CONCEPT -​ must be relatively permanent and a.​ Stimulus Generalization last for considerable time -​ similar response to stimuli that resemble the original stimuli THEORIES OF LEARNING b.​ Stimulus Discrimination CONNECTIONISM by Edward Lee Thorndike -​ different response to different stimuli -​ connections or bonds formed between c.​ Extinction stimuli and responses -​ disappearance or unlearning process LAWS OF LEARNING d.​ Spontaneous Recovery 1.​ Laws of Readiness - physiologically and -​ relearning process psychologically prepared 2.​ Laws of Exercise - repetitions and rehearsals OPERANT CONDITIONING by Burrhus Frederick Skinner 3.​ Laws of Effect - consequences of a certain -​ learning through consequences; need for response; favorable or satisfying performance of task before reinforcement is given CLASSICAL CONDITIONING by Ivan Pavlov -​ neutral stimulus gains ability to elicit LEARNING IS A THREE PART SEQUENCE: response because paired with unconditioned -​ antecedents must be present stimulus/learning through association -​ behavior can occur -​ gained by accident; wanted to understand -​ consequence of behavior result how dog stomach prepares to digest food when something is placed in the dog's mouth CONSEQUENCES PROVIDE EITHER: — mere sight or smell of food was enough to 1.​ reinforcement = increase the likelihood of get the dog salivating behavior positive reinforcement - increases the chance that the response will be repeated negative reinforcement - terminated or withdrawn to increase the likelihood that the response will be repeated primary reinforcement - stimulus naturally rewarding secondary reinforcement - becomes rewarding because of its association to primary reinforcment (hehe with honors = to money,,, yummmmm) 2.​ punishment = decrease ELEMENTS OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING a.​ Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) OPERANT CONDITIONING CONCEPT -​ (food) – neutral stimulus; a.​ Extinction automatically elicits a response -​ unlearning; learned response would b.​ Unconditioned Response (UCR) disappear if not reinforced -​ (salivation to the food) – automatic -​ decreased likelihood of behavior in response to the unconditioned future stimulus b.​ Shaping c.​ Conditioned Stimulus (CS) -​ slowly and continually modifying -​ (bell) – neutral stimulus; cannot behavior elicit response at first but after -​ reinforced at each step; doing early pairing with the UCS is able to elicit step elicits next step CR c.​ Behavioral modification ABI :))) 1  -​ “effective”; controversial method for 1.​ SENSORY MEMORY changing and shaping problematic -​ brief storage that immediately follow initial behaviors; positive punishment stimulator of receptor -​ can hold many items at once; very brief OBSERVATIONAL OR SOCIAL LEARNING by Albert retention of images -.3 sec for visual info and Bandura.2 sec for auditory info -​ learning from watching others behavior; -​ attention is needed to transfer information to mimics a “role model” working memory -​ significance of reinforcement as a determinant of future behavior; internal TYPES OF SENSORY MEMORY: psychological factors ICONIC MEMORY - visual sensory memory; hold visual -​ Bandura’s Bobo-Doll Experiment information up to a second no stimulus presented to the children ECHOIC MEMORY - auditory information; 1 to 2 seconds HAPTIC MEMORY - for touch 4 PROCESS IN OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING: GUSTIC MEMORY - for taste ATTENTION OLFACTIC MEMORY- for smell -​ distinctive features of the model he wants to imitate 2.​ SHORT TERM MEMORY/WORKING MEMORY RETENTION -​ store things we have in our awareness or -​ remember the observed behavior of the consciousness; can hold 7 to 8 items; brief model storage about 30 seconds MOTOR REPRODUCTION -​ able to perform task of imitating the model MOTIVATION -​ result of imitating is pleasurable such feeling serves as motivation to continue MEMORY -​ ability to remember information, events and experiences 3.​ LONG-TERM MEMORY MEMORY PROCESS: -​ organizes and stores information - ENCODING preserving unlimited items of info over long -​ transforming sensory input or information period of time; unlimited capacity; duration - into a code thought by some to be permanent 3 CODES USED IN REMEMBERING: acoustic codes - saying out loud repeatedly visual codes - keeping a mental image of the object semantic codes - making meaning on the objects to remember it STORAGE -​ encoded information saved over a period of time; depende kung gano kaimportant para maremember mo ng matagal TYPES OF LONG-TERM MEMORY: RETRIEVAL/RECALLING EXPLICIT MEMORY or declarative memory -​ bringing to mind which has been stored -​ memory with awareness; can be consciously recollected EPISODIC MEMORY -​ tied to our own personal experiences within a definite period of time. Ex. basic info SEMANTIC MEMORY -​ information about facts, general knowledge or schoolwork IMPLICIT MEMORY or nondeclarative memory THREE STAGES OF MEMORY: ABI :))) 2  -​ without awareness; affects behavior but -​ memory can be distorted as people try to fit cannot consciously be recalled new information into existing schemas AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY FORGETTING THEORIES,, -​ memorable transition; people’s memories 1.​ ENCODING FAILURE are most vivid for times of transition -​ even though you’ve seen thousands -​ recollections people have of their own of pennies, you’ve probably never personal experiences and observations looked t one closely to encode -​ like sa college, mostly first year and 4th year specific features yung maaalala mo after mo gumraduate 2.​ INTERFERENCE THEORIES FLASHBULB MEMORIES -​ memories interfering with -​ highly vivid and enduring memories; memories; one memory competing dramatic and emotional events with or replacing another memory -​ forgetting NOT caused by mere CHILDHOOD AMNESIA passage of time -​ inability to recall events from before the age of three or four TWO TYPES OF INTERFERENCE,, HINDSIGHT BIAS RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE -​ tendency to think after an event that one -​ new information blocks our recall of knew in advance what was going to happen previously learned information; like nakalimutan mo na yung ex mo kasi may bago na ganon PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE -​ old information hinders us from recalling new events and information; forgetting the new one because you are used of the old ones,,, lol pass sa ex pa yung naaalala kahit may bago na MOTIVATED FORGETTING -​ undesired memory is held back from awareness SUPPRESSION - conscious forgetting REPRESSION - unconscious DECAY THEORIES -​ memories fade away or decay FORGETTING AS RETRIEVAL FAILURE,,, gradually if unused RETRIEVAL -​ time plays crucial role; ability to -​ processing of accessing stored information. retrieve information declines with Ex. essay and enumeration time after original encoding MEASURES OR RETRIEVAL,, TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE MEMORY,, RECALL MAINTENANCE REHEARSAL -​ retrieving what is stored in long term memory -​ repetition of information allows information to without any reminder cues remain in working memory longer than the 2 TYPES OF RECALL usual 30 seconds; stored in long term 1.​ FREE RECALL - answers can be given memory in no particular order CHUNKING 2.​ SERIAL RECALL - answer requires -​ grouping distinct bits of information into specific arrangement larger wholes RECOGNITION METHOD OF LOCI -​ test of long term memory that involves -​ visualizing object in familiar places identifying correct information from a series MNEMONICS of possible questions. Ex. Multiple choice -​ memory aids designed to facilitate the recall of new information MEMORY DISTORTION INTELLIGENCE ABI :))) 3  -​ author of a Triarchic theory of multiple KINDS OF INTELLIGENCE,,, intelligence (successful intelligence) CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENCE consisting of 3 mental abilities; disagrees -​ learning from past experiences and learning; calling these intelligence… instead talents based upon facts and rooted in experiences lang daw or abilities since yung intelligence is -​ becomes stronger as we age and general quality na accumulate new knowledge and ANALYTIC INTELLIGENCE understanding; reading comprehension and -​ mental processes; how to solve problems vocabulary exams CREATIVE INTELLIGENCE FLUID INTELLIGENCE -​ deal with novel situations by drawing on -​ ability to think and reason abstractly and existing skills and knowledge (applying) solve problems; independent of learning, PRACTICAL INTELLIGENCE experiences and education -​ adapt to the environment (street smart) -​ peaks in adolescence and begins to decline progressively beginning around 30 or 40 EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE… shet sana all meron -​ perceive, express, understand and regulate THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE,,, emotions: high in emotional intelligence = CHARLES SPEARMAN more in touch with their feelings and of -​ general intelligence factor (g factor); people others… huhu can’t relate si ano who did well on one test tended to do similarly well on others – just an overall score THE WECHSLER SCALES,,,, LOUIS L. THURSTONE VERBAL SUBTESTS -​ intelligence is a cluster of abilities; there were information; culturally acquired info different “primary mental abilities” vocabulary; general verbal intelligence -​ looked for a pattern of mental abilities arithmetic; numerical reasoning HOWARD GARDNER similarities; abstract reasoning -​ author of contemporary theory of multiple comprehension; social norms intelligence consisting of eight separate kinds digit span; short term memory of intelligence PERFORMANCE SUBTESTS MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE - several independent picture comprehension; visual concentration mental abilities that allow a person to solve and nonverbal general information problems; intelligence = context of culture picture arrangement; plan, interpret, and anticipate in social context TYPES OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE,,, block design; perceptual organization, spatial VERBAL-LINGUISTICS (word smart) visualization and abstract concentration -​ adapt use of language; reading object assembly; visual motor organ comprehension and writing digit symbol; visual memory LOGICAL-MATHEMATICAL (number smart) -​ logical, mathematical a d scientific ability WECHSLER SCALES: CLINICAL USE BODILY-KINESTHETIC (body smart) -​ estimation of general intelligence, examine -​ control of bodily motions and capacity to the discrepancy in performance between handle object skillfully; balance, strength and verbal and performance subtests, examine endurance the variability among subtests VISUAL-SPATIAL (art smart) GENETICS -​ mentally visualize the relationship; judging -​ heritability estimates for IQ is about.50 in an distance, map reading, & geometry population MUSICAL-RHYTHMIC (music smart) ENVIRONMENT -​ create, synthesize or perform music -​ IQ is changeable INTERPERSONAL (people smart) -​ educational experiences affects IQ -​ understanding of other people’s emotions, -​ IQ scores have increased over the years motives and intentions EMOTION INTRAPERSONAL (self smart) -​ distinct feeling or quality of consciousness -​ knowledge to self which reflects the personal significance of an NATURALISTIC (nature smart) emotion-arousing event -​ discern patterns in nature; appreciate nature -​ feeling that is private and subjective; considered as actions commonly “deemed” such as defending or attacking in response to ROBERT STERNBERG threat ABI :))) 4  -​ emotions had an important survival role -​ help us deal with changing because they generated actions to environment or stress through dangerous situation according to Darwin repression of emotion 2.​ PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES ELEMENTS OF EMOTION -​ changes within the body; -​ an expression or display of distinctive involuntary reactions (heart rate) somatic and autonomic response 3.​ EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION 1.​ BODY -​ manifestation of what the person a.​ primary emotion feels -​ universal and biological 4.​ EMOTIONAL FEELINGS bases to be considered in -​ the experiences that a person may emotion gather will reflect his responses b.​ secondary emotion when he or she is placed in different -​ developed with cognitive situation maturity and vary across individuals and culture THEORIES OF EMOTION 2.​ MIND JAMES LANGE THEORY -​ thoughts may create emotion; when -​ emotional feelings follow bodily arousal a person thinks on something to CANNON-BARD THEORY happen, then the emotion may be -​ emotional feelings and bodily arousal are involved both organized by the brain TWO-FACTOR THEORY -​ cortex is responsible for emotional feelings -​ emotions are bought by physiological and emotional behavior while hypothalamus arousal and cognitive labelling; in order to is responsible for arousing the body have emotion, both factors are required SCHACHTER’S COGNITIVE THEORY OF EMOTION ATTRIBUTIONS AND EMOTIONS -​ cognitive factors also enter into emotion; -​ perception and attributions are involved in when an individual is aroused, he has a need emotion; how one reacts to an event or to interpret his feelings situation depends on how he or she -​ label (feelings) applied to bodily arousal is perceives and explain it influenced by past experiences, situation, and 3.​ CULTURE reaction of others -​ determines what people feel angry, EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE sad, lonely, happy, and ashamed or -​ emotions evolved via natural selection for disgusted about; some cultures reason of warning other creatures about their have words for specific emotion intention; for man, emotions were no longer unknown to other cultures functional but are functional associated habits AREAS OF EMOTION 1.​ FACIAL EXPRESSION CLASSIFICATION OF EMOTION 2.​ BRAIN REGIONS AND CIRCUITS 1.​ PRIMARY EMOTIONS amygdala - responsible for assessing any -​ Robert Plutchik’s classification into eminent threat and may result in abnormality eight primary emotion is considered to process fear if it is damage; left prefrontal the most influential classification cortex - involved in motivation to approach approaches other and loss of joy if damage; right 2.​ MIXED EMOTION prefrontal cortex - involved in withdrawal and -​ adjacent emotion can be mixed to escape and excessive mania and euphoria if yield a third more complext emotion damage [during intense emotion, twor kinds of hormones are MIXTURE OF EMOTION released: epinephrine and norepinephrine that results awe = fear and surprise in increased alertness and arousal] disappointment = surprise and sadness 3.​ AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM remorse = sadness and disgust -​ emotions through covert action aggression = anger and anticipation jealousy = love, anger and fear optimism = anticipation and joy contempt = disgust and anger CHARACTERISTICS OF EMOTION submission = acceptance and fear 1.​ ADAPTIVE love = joy and acceptance ABI :))) 5  task; an ideal level of arousal maximum FUNCTION OF EMOTION performance in various situations -​ we should be aware or our emotion so we could be able to give appropriate reactions FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE OPTIMUM LEVEL OF to the situation AROUSAL 1.​ emotion are used in order to communicate 1.​ TASK DIFFICULTY and influence others -​ high level of arousal if the task is -​ using verbal and non-verbal considered to be easy and simple language; facial expression, body 2.​ TASK FAMILIARITY gestures or postures -​ if a task is familiar, higher level of 2.​ emotion can be utilized to organize and arousal will allow you to achieve motivate action optimum performance -​ tend to prepare and motivate individuals into facilitating action; 3.​ INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES action urge connected to specific -​ no two individuals are the same; emotions that is “hard-wired” - there are individuals who seem to automatic, built-in part of our work better under stress while others behavior prefer more relaxed or sedate way 3.​ emotion can be self-validating of approaching life -​ give us different information about a situation or event; give signals for EFFECTS OF EMOTIONS our body to sense and know that -​ emotions have an effect on the immunity there is something going on; and body functioning; solid relationship “something doesn’t feel right about between body and mind it” 1.​ POSITIVE ATTITUDES AND EMOTIONS CAN HELP INCREASE YOUR HEALTH EMOTION = FUNDAMENTAL TRAITS ASSOCIATED WITH -​ “laughter is the best medicine”; BEING A HUMAN positive and optimistic attitudes 1.​ EMOTIONS GIVES COLOR TO PEOPLE’S LIVES AND tend to promote positive impact on GIVE THEM THEIR NEEDED DEPTH AND the body; can boost immune system DIFFERENTIATION 2.​ POSITIVE ATTITUDE AND EMOTIONS CAN HELP -​ strong emotion may be linked to IMPROVE ONE’S SELF CONCEPT creativity and expression -​ the perception of individual is 2.​ PHYSIOLOGICALLY, EMOTIONS AID INDIVIDUALS greatly influenced by the way he FOR SURVIVAL feels about himself -​ physical response to emotion improved her chances of survival DEVELOPMENT OF EMOTIONS 3.​ EMOTIONS ALSO HELP PEOPLE MONITOR THEIR 1.​ GENERAL EXCITEMENT IS THE ONLY EMOTIONAL SOCIAL BEHAVIOR AND REGULATE RESPONSE NEWBORN INFANTS CLEARLY EXPRESS INTERACTIONS WITH OTHERS 2.​ EMOTIONAL LIFE BLOSSOMS RAPIDLY -​ every person unconsciously learns 3.​ ADULTS CONTROL AND DEVELOP GESTURES to read the outward expression of THAT CAN BECOME UNIQUE TO VARIOUS other people and apply past CULTURES experiences to determine what -​ ex. in chinese they stick out their these outward signs indicate about tongue to express surprise and not what other person is feeling to show disrespect 4.​ OUTWARD EXPRESSION OF EMOTIONS IN FORM OF BODY LANGUAGE MEAN DIFFERENT THINGS IN MOTIVATION DIFFERENT CULTURES -​ internal state or condition; need, desire, or -​ ex. avoid looking directly at a person want that serves to activate or energize in authority = respect behavior and give it direction 5.​ EMOTIONS CAN MOTIVATE BEHAVIORS NATURE OF MOTIVATION YERKES DODSON LAW 1.​ EVERYBODY IS MOTIVATED -​ the performance on a task depends on the -​ everybody is motivated but we are amount of physiological arousal that an not all motivated by the same things individual would expedience at any point 2.​ REASONS OF BEHAVING together with the perceived difficulty of the -​ looking for the reason behind behaving is difficult; people could be ABI :))) 6  hiding their intentions and may -​ focuses on the maintenance of the project motivation onto others internal physiological environment 3.​ MOTIVATION CAN BE CONSCIOUS OR and internal influence UNCONSCIOUS -​ starts when an individual activates a a.​ conscious motivations - willful and need, a biological requirement for we are aware of this, thus, we can survival that pushes or pulls the provide rationale and an organisms out of homeostasis then explanation causes a psychological state of b.​ unconscious motivation - we are not arousal that is called drive then the aware of; don’t have an organisms will engage in behavior understanding of them, people will that are designed to reduce the question why they did or said these drive and the end, the individual is behavior - from unconscious level of able to achieve his goal behavior according to Freud and TWO TYPES OF DRIVES Jung primary drive - resulting from biological 4.​ MOTIVATIONS CAN BE INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL needs; innate drive LOCUS OF CONTROL secondary drive - result from operant -​ an unusual or negative behaviors conditioning and the association with occur = “Devil made me do it” primary reinforcement a.​ internal locus of control - manifest 3.​ AROUSAL THEORY negative behavior caused by -​ rather than all organisms being himself motivated to seek to reduce arousal, b.​ external locus of control - related they seek to maintain an optimal the negative behavior to the poor level of arousal and this optimal living environment or due to level varies from organism to alcoholism, abuse or drug addiction organism of the parent extroverts = lower level of cortisal arousal so they are more likely to IMPORTANCE OF MOTIVATION seek arousal -​ motivation assumes great involvement for introverts = higher level of cortical the reason that learned behavior will not arousal so they don’t need external occur or facilitate unless it is energized; stimulation always present in order to compel action to 4.​ INCENTIVE THEORY set a goal and to drive the individual to try -​ people and animals are more likely and attain that goal. to be activated because they have the tendency to be pulled toward a THEORIES OF MOTIVATION specific goal; they will perform the 1.​ INSTINCT THEORY behavior in order to accomplish -​ there are innate biological force those goals, thus, they are (automatic and involuntary) motivated by hedonism causing an organism to acf in a -​ they would try to maximize their certain way pleasure and minimize their pain; -​ libido and thanatos are two they would attempt to attain goals motivating forces that are innate that are pleasurable and try to avoid and instinctual according to Freud goals that are painful… AAAAAAAAAA -​ descriptive and not explanatory; same trying to explain human behavior 5.​ MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS was meaningless -​ our needs are prioritized from 2.​ HOMEOSTATIC THEORY physiological, to biological, to social -​ organisms attempt to maintain and up to the spiritual; the needs t homeostasis, the balance of the lower levels had to be satisfied physiological state or equilibrium by before ine could focus on satisfying constantly adjusting themselves to the needs at the higher the demands of te environment; bottom of the pyramid up to top: every living things has certain BIOLOGICAL NEEDS (BI) biological needs that is caused by -​ need for food, water, oxygen and rest imbalance SAFETY NEEDS (SAF) -​ security, comfort and tranquility ABI :))) 7 ATTACHMENT (AT) -​ hindi kailangan masatisfy yung -​ belong, affiliate; to love and be loved…. shet pinakababa before umangat ESTEEM (ES) 10.​ MCCLELLAND’S NEEDS (David McClelland) -​ confidence in one's abilities, sense of worth, -​ based on Henry Murray’s Theory of competence, self-esteem; respect Personality which sets out a COGNITIVE (CO) comprehensive model of human -​ knowledge and understanding needs and motivational processes AESTHETIC ( AE) -​ order and beauty 3 MOST IMPORTANT NEEDS SELF-ACTUALIZATION (SA) 1.​ achievement - competitive success -​ develop and fulfill one’s potential; goals measured against a personal TRANSCENDENCE (TR) 2.​ affiliation - need for warm, friendly -​ spiritually; identification with cosmos relationship with others 3.​ power - need to control and influence 6.​ FREUDIAN CONCEPT OF MOTIVATION -​ sexual or libidinal and aggressive 11.​ HERZBERG’S TWO-FACTOR MODEL (Fredrick wishes are the primary motivating Irving Herzberg) forces in human life -​ introduce job enrichment and the -​ how infantile pleasures and desires Motivator-Hygiene Theory. are precursors of adult sexuality MOTIVATORS - factors that really -​ every psychic act contains elements motivate people; HYGIENE - factors of both libidinal and aggressive that are dissatisfiers; environment to drives in varying proportions and motivate the individual both play essential role on psychic 12.​ EXPECTANCY THEORY (Victor Broom) life and conflict -​ explains why individuals choose to t follow certain course of action in 7.​ OTHER CONCEPTS OF MOTIVATION organization, particularly in 3 COMPONENTS OF MOTIVATION according to Madga B. decision-making and leadership Arnold -​ predicts that employee will be 1.​ direction - what is trying to do motivated why they believed that: 2.​ effort - how hard a person is trying putting in more effort will yield better 3.​ persistence - how long a person keep trying performance, better performance will lead to rewards and attainment 2 FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE… of reinforcement and the rewards 1.​ INTRINSIC - self generated factors received are valued by individuals (responsibility); usually has deeper and 13.​ GOAL THEORY longer term effect MASTERY/PERFORMANCE 2.​ EXTRINSIC - motivations coming from the -​ individual’s desire to become people around the individual,may be form of proficient in a certain topic to the reward, promotion or even punishment; has best of his ability; it is the sensed of an immediate and powerful effect but won’t self-fulfillment from being able to last long accomplish something -​ it is associated with deeper 8.​ NEEDS THEORY engagement with the task and -​ all behaviors are motivated by greater perseverance in the face of unsatisfied needs; when an setback according to Ames individual has unsatisfied needs, he TASK/EGO INVOLVEMENT tends to create tension and would -​ task-involved subject who is enter a state of disequilibrium interested in the task for its own 9.​ ALDERFER’S ERG THEORY qualities; it is associated with higher -​ expansion of Maslow’s hierarchy of intrinsic motivation needs; needs for Existence (E) - -​ it is less threatening to failure physiological and safety needs, because their ego is not tied up in Relatedness - interpersonal love the success of the task according to and esteem needs, and Growth (G) Nicolls…. AWWWW can’t relate - self-actualization and self-esteem -​ individual who is ego-involved will needs seek to perform the task to boost ABI :))) 8  their ego…. hahahah sana sinabi mo -​ male = androgen, female = estrogen; these nalang na ako yan hormones pushes people for sex APPROACH/AVOIDANCE GOAL -​ sexual urges stem from the physiological -​ not all goals are directed towards processes and renders organism behavior to approaching a positive outcome, it be selective and directional can be directed towards avoiding 2.​ PSYCHOLOGICAL MOTIVES an undesirable outcome -​ essential for a man to function -​ motivations and performance are appropriately as a social being; higher when individuals are set need to socialize specific goal 2.1 AFFECTION 14.​ ADAM’S EQUITY THEORY (John Stacy Adams) -​ nature of the man to be attracted towards -​ perception of people about how object which he consider to be pleasant; they are being treated as compared seeks for relationships where there is warmth, with others; feelings and perception acceptance and affection as a comparative process, people 2.2 SECURITY AND SAFETY will work better if they are treated -​ stabilization of the person’s physical and equitably social life; greatly influence the level of TWO FORMS OF EQUITY happiness of an individual that brings him distributive - fairness people feel when they conditions of security are rewarded in accordance with their 2.3 AFFILIATION contribution and in comparison with others -​ interest in establishing and maintaining procedural - perception of employees about certain relationships with other people ; fairness desire to be in a certain group for a long 15.​ OTHER THEORIES OF MOTIVATION period of time; be with their friends for the BEHAVIORAL THEORY by Burrhus Skinner long period of time and be alone for lesser -​ behavior is learned from conditioning; 2.4 STATUS operations and learning takes place through -​ motive to achieve more compared go their reinforcement fellowmen; depending on how he perceives ATTRIBUTION THEORY himself in the society that he belongs -​ explanation of performance after we invested 2.5 DEPENDENCY considerable effort and motivation in task -​ need of having someone to depend on… -​ 4 types of explanation; ability, effort, task AAAAAAAA SHET,,, independent girly pero difficulty, and luck when??? 2.6 SOCIAL APPROVAL CLASSIFICATION OF MOTIVES -​ try to seek the opinion of others; needs for the 1.​ PHYSIOLOGICAL MOTIVES approval of others before bumili…. hahahaha -​ motives essential for the survival of popost pa yan eh no man for its existence 3.​ EGO-INTEGRATIVE MOTIVE 1.1 NEED FOR HUNGER -​ motives that enhance the -​ need to take food in the stomach; caused by individual’s self-concept the depletion of the food in the stomach and 3.1 RECOGNITION would send sensory messages in brain -​ needs to experience a certain degree of 1.2 NEED FOR THIRST achievement for him to develop his worth; -​ water is life supporting need certain accomplishment that others have 1.3 NEED FOR SLEEP AND REST benefited and his involvement was a key -​ rest is both physical and mental need in factor order to replenish cells damaged due to 3.2 POWER DRIVE day’s activities and the same time present -​ tendency to seek impact, control, or influence fatigue and boredom over others and to be seen as powerful 1.4 NEED FOR PROPER ELIMINATION OF WASTE individual is another type of motivation -​ part of maintaining proper physiological (Lee-Chai & Bargh, 2021); natural needs of system; toxins in our body would be able to man to be in power or authority get out of our system enabling man to be 3.3 ACHIEVEMENT able to function appropriately -​ tends to define one’s goal according to the 1.5 NEED FOR MAINTAINING PROPER TEMPERATURE standards of performance of a person and at -​ individuals may properly respond to his the same time the result and output of the environments and from its elements performance; be motivated to perform on a 1.6 SEX URGES ABI :))) 9  level that would satisfy him through the a person has been, is and hopes to be success of his endeavor according to William Meanninger; sum total of individual characteristics and ways of REINFORCEMENT AND ITS CLASSIFICATION behaving, which in their organization or REINFORCEMENT: increase in responding; PUNISHMENT: patterning, describe an individual’s unique decrease responding; adjustment to his environment according to POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT: event that is presented; Ernest Hilgard; the total behavior patterns of NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT: event that is removed a person according to Joseph Arnold PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF MOTIVATION -​ attempts to study similarities and differences 1.​ INCENTIVES MOTIVATE LEARNING in these patterns among different people and -​ incentives include privileges and groups receiving praises; self-motivation without reward will not succeed FACTORS UNDERLYING PERSONALITY -​ internal motivation is longer lasting -​ heredity and more self-directive than is external attributes - physical traits; internal external motivation attributes - conditions of the nervous system, 2.​ BOTH AFFILIATION AND APPROVAL ARE STRONG endocrine system and also the IQ MOTIVATORS -​ environment -​ people tend to look for others with -​ cognition and thoughts whom they compare his abilities, opinions, and emotions 4 TYPES OF PERSONALITY THEORY,,, 3.​ MANY BEHAVIORS RESULT FROM A 1.​ TRAITS COMBINATION OF MOTIVES -​ focused on identifying and -​ motivations is necessary for measuring individual personality maintaining or enhancing behaviors characteristics individual; that strategies should be planned to personality are composed, broad organize a continuous and and disposition interactive motivational dynamic for RAYMOND CATTELL maximum effectiveness -​ developed a list of trait factors; central to understanding human personality and HIGHER MOTIVATION resulting behaviors -​ creativity and comparison; it is not just -​ used statistical technique reduce thousands “maintenance and enhancement of self” but of words used to describe personality into a transcendence of self, a loss of self that THIRTY basic SOURCE TRAITS and a test; 16 PF paradoxically leads to an expansion of self to measure the most important 16 trait factor that were the source of behavior PERSONALITY WARREN NORMAN -​ from the latin word “persona” which mean -​ Big Five Taxonomy of Personality Traits (The mask; behavior that is manifested may differ Big Five) O.C.E.A.N on the situations that they are into and a.​ openness to experience (inventive/curious vs. people would have to “fit in” to those consistent/cautious) - appreciation for art, situations emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, curiosity -​ began with Hippocrates that theorized and variety of experience personality traits and human behavior are b.​ conscientiousness (efficient/organized vs. based on four separate temperaments easy going/careless) - show self discipline, associated with four fluids in the body called act dutifully, and aim for achievement “humors” c.​ extraversion vs. introversion -​ set of habitual behaviors, cognitions and (outgoing/energetic vs. solitary/reserved)- emotion pattern that evolve from biological energy, positive emotion, surgency, and the and environmental factors tendency to seek stimulation in the company -​ combination of traits and patterns that of others influence their behavior, thoughts, motivation d.​ agreeableness (friendly/compassionate vs. and emotion; what makes individuals unique cold/unkind) - compassionate and -​ a stable set of intrapsychic (internal) cooperative rather than suspicious and characteristics and tendencies that antagonistic towards others determines the psychological behavior of people according to Salvador Maddi; all that ABI :))) 10  e.​ neuroticism vs. emotional stability 3.​ PHALLIC STAGE (3-6 years) (sensitive/nervous vs. secure/confident) - -​ interested his own body parts and experience unpleasant emotions easily sexuality; incentuous wishes for 2.​ HUMANISTIC THEORY opposite sexed parents: electra -​ experience is the primary complex - girl attracted to father, phenomenon in the study of human oedipus complex - boy to his learning and behavior; emphasis, mother choice, creativity, values and 4.​ LATENCY STAGE (6-puberty) self-realization -​ developing new skills and -​ development of human potential, knowledge dignity, and worth; meaningfulness 5.​ GENITAL STAGE (puberty to adult) and subjectivity are important -​ time of adolescent sexual 3.​ PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY experimentation, relationship with -​ violence are instincts or drives: other instinct - set of inborn patterns of behavior that is complete and EGO DEFENSE MECHANISM autonomic; drives - state of -​ psychic energy arising from the id in order to readiness for certain types of protect the ego; strategies the ego uses to behavior defend itself against anxiety provoked by SIGMUND FREUD conflicts of everyday life; denials or distortion -​ developed the psychoanalytic theory of of reality personality development; personality is -​ defense mechanism = insanity; operate at formed through conflicts among three unconscious level and help ward off fundamental structures of the human mind: unpleasant feelings or make good things feel id, ego, and superego better for individual PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT -​ enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and SOME OF FREUD’S DEFENSE MECHANISM behaviors that distinguish individuals from one another LEVEL OF CONSCIOUSNESS -​ a measurement of a person’s arousability and responsiveness to stimuli from the environment. A mild depressed level of consciousness or alertness may be classed as lethargy someone in this ERIKSON'S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY state can be -​ developmental changes throughout aroused with little difficulty the human lifespan “Psychosocial PSYCHOSEXUAL STATE OF DEVELOPMENT Development Theory”; personality develops 1.​ ORAL STAGE (0-1 year) into a series of stage - the impact of social -​ baby's satisfaction is centered in the experience across the whole lifespan mouth, if not satisfied orally will lead THE EGO IN POST-FREUDIAN THEORY to oral fixation later in life such -​ ego as a person's ability to unity experiences smoking, nail-biter and actions in an adaptive manner, three 2.​ ANAL STAGE (1-3 years) interrelated aspects of Ego -​ gets pleasure on anus by 1.​ THE BODY-EGO defecating: anal retentive - harsh -​ physical self as different from others, toilet training = obsessively tidy, our satisfaction or dissatisfaction punctual and respectful to authority; with our body looks and functions anal expulsive - liberal toilet training = messy, disorganized and 2.​ THE EGO-IDEAL rebellious ABI :))) 11  -​ image of ourselves in comparison 5.​ neurotic need to exploit others with an established ideal 6.​ neurotic need for prestige 3.​ THE EGO-IDENTITY 7.​ neurotic need for personal admiration -​ image we have in a variety of social 8.​ neurotic need for personal achievement role 9.​ neurotic need for self - sufficiently and independence 10.​ neurotic need for perfection and unassailability PERSON CENTERED THEORY by Carl Rogers -​ “client-centered”, non-directive or Rogerian therapy; questioned focus on problems rather than on people in the therapy -​ problems in the personality development process arise when significant people in our lives: “the curious paradox is that when I accept myself just as I am, then I can change” PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT -​ understanding the behavior of a particular individual, helps counselor come to a conclusion about a possible future course in action and make predictions about a person's unique future behavior 4.​ NEO-FREUDIAN CONCEPTS PERONALITY DISORDERS INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY by Alfred Adler -​ pervasive pattern of experience and behavior -​ “the goal of a human soul is conquest, that is abnormal with respect to thinking, perfection, security, superiority. Every child mood, personal relations and control of faced with so many obstacles in life that no impulses child grows up without striving for some form of significance” 10 DISTINCT PERSONALITY DISORDER,,, -​ sickly child = ambition to be a doctor ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER -​ main motives of human thought and -​ lack of regard for the moral or legal behavior are individual man's striving for standards in the local culture, marked superiority and power, in compensation for inability to get along with others or abide by his feeling of inferiority social rules; psychopaths or sociopaths -​ birth order may influence personality AVOIDANT PERSONALITY DISORDER development: oldest was the one that set -​ manifestation of social inhibition, feelings of high goals, middle were competitive and inadequacy and extremely sensitive to ambitious and last would be more criticism dependent and sociable BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER -​ lack of one's own identity PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIAL THEORY by Karen Horney DEPENDENT PERSONALITY DISORDER -​ development of real and ideal self -​ may feel extreme need of other people, to the -​ assumption that social and cultural point where the person is unable to make any conditions, especially childhood experiences, decisions or take an independent stand on are largely responsible for shaping his own personality HISTRIONIC PERSONALITY DISORDER 10 NEUROTIC NEEDS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN HER BOOK -​ exaggerated and often inappropriate display “SELF-ANALYTIC” of emotional reactions, approaching 1.​ neurotic need for affection and approval theatricality in every behavior 2.​ neurotic need for a partner who take over NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY DISORDER one's life -​ behavior or fantasy of grandiosity is present, 3.​ neurotic need to restrict one's within narrow lack of empathy, a need to be admired by borders others, an inability to see the viewpoints of 4.​ neurotic need for power others and hypersensitive to the opinion ABI :))) 12 OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE PERSONALITY DISORDER family would get the benefit from the same -​ perfectionism and inflexibility; preoccupation family circle member with uncontrollable patterns of thoughts and actions ASSESSING PERSONALITY,,, PARANOID PERSONALITY DISORDER PHYSIOGNOMY -​ distrust of others including the belief without -​ assessing personality based upon the idea reason that others are exploiting, harming or that the assessment of the person’s outer trying to deceive him; lack of trust appearance may give insights into one's SCHIZOID PERSONALITY DISORDERS character or personality -​ very limited range of emotion; inexpression PHRENOLOGY and experiencing -​ traits of the person are determined by SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY DISORDER reading bumps and fissures in the skull -​ shows peculiarities of thinking, odd beliefs, GRAPHOLOGY and eccentricities psychic phenomena and -​ study and analysis of handwriting to having magical powers of appearance, diagnose and track disease of the brain and behavior, interpersonal style, and thought nervous system FILIPINO TRAITS,, SCIENTIFIC METHODS OF ASSESSING PERSONALITY,,, SMOOTH INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS OR SIR OBJECTIVE TEST -​ getting along with others without -​ written self-rating test or inventory test which any conflicts is administered from questionnaires and is a.​ pakikisama or concession answered by yes/no or true/false -​ derived from the word “sama” which BEHAVIORAL METHOD means getting along; encourage INTERVIEW and LIFE HISTORY people to practice altruism PROJECTIVE METHODS b.​ use of euphemistic language -​ put structure on an ambiguous situation in a -​ stating an unpleasant truth in a way that is consistent with their own pleasant way, “chikahan”; sandwich conscious and unconscious needs method usually used wherein you get the bun (good things to be said) and in between is the filling (bad things) c.​ use of go-between -​ another person as a mediator or middle man to avoid the feeling of inferiority in face to face experiences HIYA -​ painful emotion arising from a relationship with an authority figure or a society that inhibits self-assertion defined by Fr. Jaime Bulatao; uncomfortable feeling that one is in a socially unacceptable position NINGAS KUGON -​ starting something but eventually would quit in the middle of things; only enthusiastic at the start but later on, it gradually tones down UTANG NA LOOB -​ reciprocity… haha walang utang na loob amp BAHALA NA -​ expression comes from the word “bathala” which means God; would put the burden on God to take care of what they have started… HOSPITALITY -​ filipinos unique ways of welcoming visitors to their homes and offering them the best AMORAL FAMILISM -​ tend to not see beyond the family circle; those who are considered to be part of the ABI :))) 13