Psychology Chapter 14: Eating and Weight

Defining obesity is challenging due to individual differences in body structure and the difficulty in determining fat versus muscle mass.

Societal perception of obesity has shifted from viewing it as a sign of prosperity and beauty to a focus on being thin.

The Setpoint Model suggests that the body has an internal 'thermostat' that regulates weight and attempts to return to this 'ideal' weight when changes occur.

<p>Genetics play a crucial role in obesity by influencing metabolic rates and the tendency to store fat for survival.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Positive Incentive Model posits that eating is influenced by pleasure, social context, and biological factors that serve as rewards for consumption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obesity significantly increases the risk for health issues such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and osteoarthritis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Overweight individuals do not have a significantly larger chance of health issues compared to those at a healthy weight, but obesity markedly elevates those risks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Factors contributing to obesity include genetic predispositions, dietary habits, lifestyle choices, and changes in societal norms regarding body image.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The prisoners were instructed to overeat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They found it increasingly difficult to gain weight and had to eat more to continue gaining.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Most prisoners lost the weight they had gained.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two prisoners struggled to lose weight, likely due to a family history of obesity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their experiences shed light on the challenges of weight gain and loss, particularly influenced by genetics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggests possible psychological adaptations to increased food intake over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It implies that individual physiological and genetic factors can significantly influence how one loses weight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Overeating can lead to temporary weight gain but does not guarantee lasting change in body weight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stable weight is maintained when energy intake equals energy output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ghrelin stimulates appetite.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He aimed to reduce the weight of participants by 25%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Participants became more aggressive during the study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Most participants regained their lost weight and many were heavier than before.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin helps the hypothalamus understand when we have eaten enough.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cholecystokinin signals the body when it is satiated and to stop eating.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The experiment led to weight loss initially, but participants became aggressive and ultimately regained weight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation aimed at drastic weight loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anorexia nervosa disproportionately affects women, although it can also affect men.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mortality rate for anorexia nervosa is approximately 3%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>About 75% of individuals with anorexia nervosa will recover from the disorder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inpatient treatments for anorexia nervosa are generally less successful than outpatient, community-based treatments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals with anorexia nervosa often perceive themselves as severely overweight despite being underweight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>People suffering from anorexia nervosa often engage in extreme levels of exercise and starvation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Treatments for anorexia nervosa are considered problematic due to the high mortality rate and the complex nature of the disorder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Older individuals face higher risks from obesity, while different ethnicities may have varying levels of risk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The distribution of fat in the body can influence health risks, with specific patterns like a 'beer belly' being particularly concerning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A 'beer belly' is associated with several health risks, including heart disease and diabetes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethnicity can influence genetic predisposition, cultural habits, and access to healthcare, which affect obesity risk levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Factors such as lifestyle choices, diet, physical activity, and genetics also play significant roles in obesity-related health risks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A ‘beer belly’ exemplifies how abdominal fat can lead to increased risks of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aging can lead to decreased metabolic rate and muscle mass, increasing the impact of excess weight on health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Access to healthcare can influence prevention and treatment options for obesity, which can vary significantly across ethnic groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating Disorder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals experience binge eating followed by purging through vomiting or laxatives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Childhood instances of sexual and physical abuse, and post-traumatic stress disorder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Poor teeth, hypoglycemia, anemia, and mouth or esophageal damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Binge eating disorder involves uncontrollable eating without purging afterward.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antidepressants and various therapeutic approaches are effective in treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps individuals regain control over their eating habits and their perception of food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Many do not recognize their eating behavior as a problem, focusing instead on their weight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Psychological factors can lead to emotional eating or a distorted body image, contributing to the development and maintenance of obesity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rapid weight loss can lead to metabolic slowdown, psychological distress, and potential rebound weight gain post-diet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Societal stigmas surrounding eating disorders can lead to misunderstanding and lack of support, making it harder for individuals to seek treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leptin signals the brain to reduce appetite and increase energy expenditure, playing a vital role in body weight regulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obesity was once seen as a sign of prosperity and considered beautiful.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cultural attitudes towards food, body image, and physical activity levels can significantly influence obesity risks among different ethnicities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Setpoint Model suggests that the body has a 'thermostat' regulating ideal body weight, attempting to return to this weight even after loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The thrifty gene hypothesis suggests that humans evolved to store fat efficiently for survival during food scarcity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Energy balance is essential as it involves matching energy intake with energy expenditure to maintain, lose, or gain weight effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obesity significantly raises the risk for cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and high blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals with bulimia nervosa often engage in binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors like purging, fasting, or excessive exercise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The set point theory suggests that individuals have a genetically predetermined weight range that their body tends to maintain through various physiological adjustments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leptin signals satiety while ghrelin stimulates hunger, both influencing an individual's body weight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Today, obesity is often seen as an epidemic with associated health risks, rather than a symbol of wealth or beauty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Positive Incentive Model emphasizes that eating is influenced by pleasure, social contexts, and biological factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obesity is associated with a heightened mortality risk, especially as it leads to various chronic health issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals may regain the weight they lost upon returning to old eating habits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Successful long-term weight loss relies on making sustainable behavioral changes rather than temporary dietary restrictions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dieting can lead to body dissatisfaction, potentially resulting in unhealthy eating behaviors or eating disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surgical options may provide better long-term success in maintaining weight loss compared to non-surgical methods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Body dissatisfaction can lead to disordered eating patterns as individuals may strive for an unattainable body image.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary goal of dieting is to alter eating habits to reduce caloric intake and promote weight loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exercise helps in burning calories, creating a caloric deficit that leads to weight loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Restrictive diets may lead to nutritional deficiencies and other health complications if not carefully managed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One common strategy is to limit unhealthy foods while promoting the inclusion of healthier food options.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Older individuals face higher health risks when obese due to age-related factors that complicate obesity's impact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surgical options include gastric banding, sleeve gastrectomy, gastric bypass, and liposuction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Certain ethnicities may have varying predispositions to obesity-related health risks due to genetic and lifestyle factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drastic methods can be effective under medical supervision, while dangerous methods include unhealthy practices like purging and fasting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The distribution of fat, particularly in the abdominal area, can significantly increase health risks related to obesity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fiber intake is emphasized because it contributes to satiety and overall digestive health, helping to manage weight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abdominal fat is linked to increased risks of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and other metabolic disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Considering both factors is essential as they interact to create unique health profiles and risks for individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physical activity is essential for sustaining weight loss and improving overall health, ideally incorporated at least three times a week.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aging can lead to metabolic changes and decreased physical activity, elevating the risk of obesity-related diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lifestyle choices, access to healthcare, and socioeconomic status also influence obesity-related health risks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The placement of body fat, particularly visceral fat, can dictate the severity of health risks faced by obese individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anorexia nervosa is characterized by intentional self-starvation for drastic weight loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Many individuals, approximately 75%, will maintain some level of the behavior even after treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anorexia nervosa has a mortality rate of 3%, which is higher than that of other psychiatric conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Treatments are problematic due to the disorder's severe psychological and physical components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals may continue to perceive themselves as overweight despite significant weight loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inpatient treatments are generally less successful compared to outpatient, community-based support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anorexia nervosa disproportionately affects women but can also affect men.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extreme exercise is often used as a means to further achieve weight loss and control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HDL</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Colorectal and breast</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Engage in exercise routine from a young age</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improved flexibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases HDL without raising LDL</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhanced mood and mental health</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To improve cardiovascular health</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Incorporating physical activity into recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It requires a consistent commitment over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhances blood flow and circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They showed sedentary lifestyles increased heart disease risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Age and personal fitness level</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both lead to physical health deterioration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behavioral and environmental interventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Raising public awareness about physical activity and its benefits</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Point-of-decision prompts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They enhance access to appealing locations for physical activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Understanding that lapses don't indicate a complete failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lack of enjoyment in physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Personal trainer sessions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases the likelihood of physical activity engagement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Offering free gym memberships</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improved cognitive function</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perception of exercise as a chore</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Moderate physical activity for at least 30 minutes a day</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inexperience in the activity being performed</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mood swings and irritability</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uncommon, typically linked to underlying health issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Moderate exercise for consistent durations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They risk further injury and health issues</p> Signup and view all the answers