Health Psychology Chapter 14 PDF

Chapter 14 Eating and Weight Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th 10 th Edition. Edition.©2022 ©2022C...

Chapter 14 Eating and Weight Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th 10 th Edition. Edition.©2022 ©2022Cengage. Cengage.All AllRights RightsReserved. Reserved.May Maynot notbe bescanned, scanned,copied copiedor orduplicated, or posted toora posted duplicated, publiclytoaccessible a publicly website, accessible in whole website, or in whole part. or in part. 1 Factors in Weight Management 14.2 Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th 10 th Edition. Edition.©2022 ©2022Cengage. Cengage.All AllRights RightsReserved. Reserved.May Maynot notbe bescanned, scanned,copied copiedor orduplicated, or posted toora posted duplicated, publiclytoaccessible a publicly website, accessible in whole website, or in whole part. or in part. 2  Experimental Starvation Stable weight occurs when the energy intake (calories) is equal to the energy output (physical activity). If this is imbalanced either weight loss or weight gain occurs. One of the key factors in energy output is a person’s metabolic rate. How and when we eat is, in part, controlled by chemicals in our body. Leptin is a protein that signals when more food is needed, insulin helps the hypothalamus understand when we have eaten enough, and Ghrelin stimulates the appetite and decreases metabolism. Cholecystokinin tells the body when it is satiated and to stop eating. Over 70 years ago Ancel Keys ran an experiment on the effects of starvation. The goal was to reduce the weight of individuals by 25%. While it worked, the participants became more aggressive during the course of the study. After the study was complete, nearly all of them regained the weight they’d lost, and many were heavier than when the experiment began. Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10 th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3  Experimental Overeating An experiment in the 1970s had volunteering prisoners overeat. At first the weight gain was easy, but it became more difficult to gain the weight, and prisoners had to eat more and more to continue gaining. At the end of the experiment most of the prisoners lost the weight, though the rate at which it was lost varied. There were two prisoners who had a difficult time reducing their weight. It was found that while they had never been obese, obesity ran in their families and likely contributed to their difficulty in losing the weight. Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10 th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 4  Overeating and Obesity 14.3 Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th 10 th Edition. Edition.©2022 ©2022Cengage. Cengage.All AllRights RightsReserved. Reserved.May Maynot notbe bescanned, scanned,copied copiedor orduplicated, or posted toora posted duplicated, publiclytoaccessible a publicly website, accessible in whole website, or in whole part. or in part. 5  What is Obesity? Defining obesity is difficult as everybody is built differently. There is some truth to the term “big boned” as some people may have a larger skeletal structure and others a more diminutive frame. Some people carry weight as muscle and not fat, so determining the amount of fat an individual has can be difficult to ascertain without turning to scans. The social view of fat has changed over the years, as it was once considered a sign of prosperity and therefor it was considered beautiful to be fat. It’s only in recent history that the change in view has occurred, though even with the new focus on being thin, obesity has become epidemic throughout the world, with nearly 40% of United States adults being considered obese. Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10 th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 6  Why Are Some People Obese? There are several models that exist as to why people become obese. The Setpoint Model states that the body has an internal “thermostat” that determines what a person’s bodyweight should be. Even when an individual loses weight, the body remembers the setpoint and will activate leptin and ghrelin to try and get the body back to that “ideal” weight. There are also Genetic Explanations of Obesity that link weight to genetics. There was a time when humans needed to store more fat to survive, and so we evolved to have a “thrifty” metabolism, storing fat when we’re able to. The Positive Incentive Model looks at positive reinforcement reasons for eating, including pleasure, social context, and biological factors. Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10 th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 7  How Unhealthy is Obesity? Obesity is a mortality risk. Those who are overweight don’t have a much larger chance of health issues than those who are considered at a healthy weight. Once obese, people become much higher risk for health issues including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and osteoarthritis. The risks associated with obesity are complicated by age and ethnicity as those who are older run higher risks from being obese, and those of certain ethnicities may have higher or lower risk. In addition, the distribution of fat on an individual can also be associated with risk. The “beer belly” has been associated with several different health risks, as have other distributions of fat in the body. Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10 th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 8  Dieting 14.4 Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th 10 th Edition. Edition.©2022 ©2022Cengage. Cengage.All AllRights RightsReserved. Reserved.May Maynot notbe bescanned, scanned,copied copiedor orduplicated, or posted toora posted duplicated, publiclytoaccessible a publicly website, accessible in whole website, or in whole part. or in part. 9  Approaches to Losing Weight (1 of 3) Dieting is considered a way of losing weight that relies on the changing of eating habits that can include only eating certain types of food, avoiding certain types of food, and watching caloric intake and energy output. In many cases, diets that result in sudden weight loss most times are not permanent solutions. Restricting Types of Food is a popular method of weight loss. There are several methods that include avoiding carbohydrates, avoiding fats, and avoiding processed sugars. Research shows some potential health concerns with such diets. The one thing all researchers agree on is that high fiber from fruits and vegetables are essential. Behavior Modification Programs focus on changing the eating habits of the individual to include healthier foods and limit unhealthy foods and find ways to include some kind of physical activity in their day. Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10 th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 10  Approaches to Losing Weight (2 of 3) Exercise is an important means of controlling one’s weight. The more energy that’s expended, the more calories are burned, which can lead to a caloric deficit, which will result in weight loss. Exercise can also help improve cardiovascular health, reduce high blood pressure, and improve type 2 diabetes. It’s been found that those who were successful in weight loss included exercise at least 3 times a week. Drastic Methods of Losing Weight offer various levels of success and may be recommended by a physician for those who are extremely obese. Surgeries such as a gastric band, a sleeve gastrectomy, or gastric bypass can have a huge effect on weight loss. Another surgical means is having adipose tissue suctioned out in a process called liposuction. Dangerous methods of weight loss may include fasting, purging, and drugs such as laxatives and apatite suppressants. Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10 th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 11  Approaches to Losing Weight (3 of 3) Maintaining Weight Loss can be as difficult as quitting smoking, and many people “relapse.” Those in commercial weight loss programs have a high probability of regaining 50% of the weight they lost in the program within 1 to 2 years. Those who choose a surgical route are often able to keep much of the weight they lost after surgery off their bodies, but for those who did not go through surgery, those who are successful make behavioral changes around eating and physical activity that they can keep up with. Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10 th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 12  Is Dieting a Good Choice? Changing the way you eat for the purpose of weight loss can be a successful means of losing weight, but unless the changes an individual makes are permanent, the weight will return when they return to their old eating habits. Dieting can have psychological effects that may not lead to a healthy lifestyle and could be a result of body dissatisfaction and my lead to an eating disorder Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10 th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 13  Eating Disorders 14.5 Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th 10 th Edition. Edition.©2022 ©2022Cengage. Cengage.All AllRights RightsReserved. Reserved.May Maynot notbe bescanned, scanned,copied copiedor orduplicated, or posted toora posted duplicated, publiclytoaccessible a publicly website, accessible in whole website, or in whole part. or in part. 14  Anorexia Nervosa Eating disorders are characterized by a serious habitual disturbance in eating behavior that results in unhealthy consequences. The two most publicized eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and bulimia. Anorexia Nervosa is intentional self-starvation for the purpose of drastic weight loss. It’s an eating disorder that disproportionately affects women but may also affect men. Even after substantial weight loss, those who suffer from anorexia may continue to see themselves as severely overweight, continue to starve themselves and may push themselves to extreme levels of exercise. Treatments for anorexia are problematic and it is the psychiatric condition with the highest mortality rate. 3% of anorexics will die from their disease. 75% will recover, but many will maintain some level that behavior even after treatment. In patient treatment is less successful than outpatient, community-based treatment and support. Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10 th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 15  Bulimia Bulimia Nervosa is an eating disorder that’s characterized as somebody who doesn’t starve themselves, but instead will eat vast quantities of food and then purge that food through vomiting or the taking of laxatives. The patient offers suffers from a feeling that they don’t have control over their food intake, which may lead to the purging after a binging session. There is some correlation between childhood instances of sexual abuse, physical abuse, and post traumatic stress disorder. Once again, this eating disorder is found more in women than in men. Unlike anorexia, it is rarely fatal, but there are other health issues that occur from binging and purging. Poor teeth, hypoglycemia, anemia, mouth and esophageal damage, unintended vomiting even after eating a normal-sized meal. Those who suffer from bulimia are generally motivated to get better and there are more successful treatment options, including the use of antidepressants. Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10 th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 16  Binge Eating Disorder Binge Eating Disorder is characterized as the uncontrollable intake of food far beyond what is required at least once a week for three months with the patient feeling as though they have no control over it. With binge eating disorder, there is no purging after consuming the food. Many people who are obese suffer from binge eating disorder. Treating binge eating disorder is challenging, but cognitive behavioral therapy has shown success in helping those suffering from the disorder regain control over their eating habits and their view of food. Prozac has been shown to help control binge eating episodes but produces no weight loss. Sometimes those that suffer from binge eating don’t seek treatment because they don’t see the problem in the eating, but they do feel their weight is an issue. Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10 th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17