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Questions and Answers
What is the formula to calculate Body Mass Index (BMI)?
What is the formula to calculate Body Mass Index (BMI)?
BMI provides a complete assessment of an individual's health risks.
BMI provides a complete assessment of an individual's health risks.
False
What health risks are associated with excess body fat?
What health risks are associated with excess body fat?
High blood pressure, heart disease, type-2 diabetes, cancer, sleep disorders.
The measure of body weight relative to height is called __________.
The measure of body weight relative to height is called __________.
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Match the following groups to their characteristics regarding obesity:
Match the following groups to their characteristics regarding obesity:
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What component makes up the lean body mass?
What component makes up the lean body mass?
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Young adult females should maintain a body fat percentage of 8 to 19% to be healthy.
Young adult females should maintain a body fat percentage of 8 to 19% to be healthy.
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What is a limitation of using BMI as an obesity measure?
What is a limitation of using BMI as an obesity measure?
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What waist circumference measurement in centimeters is considered to be associated with an increased risk of disease for men?
What waist circumference measurement in centimeters is considered to be associated with an increased risk of disease for men?
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Subcutaneous fat is associated with higher health risks compared to visceral fat.
Subcutaneous fat is associated with higher health risks compared to visceral fat.
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What percentage of body weight is influenced by genetic factors?
What percentage of body weight is influenced by genetic factors?
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The drive to consume specific foods triggered by external cues is known as _____
The drive to consume specific foods triggered by external cues is known as _____
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Match the types of fat with their characteristics:
Match the types of fat with their characteristics:
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Which of the following statements best describes energy balance for weight maintenance?
Which of the following statements best describes energy balance for weight maintenance?
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What is the term used for the phenomenon of losing and regaining weight repeatedly?
What is the term used for the phenomenon of losing and regaining weight repeatedly?
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A very low-calorie diet is considered a sustainable way to lose weight.
A very low-calorie diet is considered a sustainable way to lose weight.
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Study Notes
Energy Balance and Weight Management
- Unit 13 of NUTR 1100 - Introduction to Nutrition
- Learning objectives: describe energy balance and expenditure, factors affecting food intake & body weight, and health risks of obesity.
- Obesity is distributed unevenly, with men, lower-income individuals, certain ethnicities, and immigration status (healthy immigrant effect) showing higher prevalence.
- Excess body fat increases the risk of several health problems including: high blood pressure, heart disease, high blood cholesterol, type-2 diabetes, gallbladder disease, arthritis, sleep disorders, respiratory problems, menstrual irregularities, breast, uterus, prostate, and colon cancer, incidence and severity of infectious disease, poor wound healing, and surgical complications.
- Healthy weight minimizes health risks and promotes overall health.
- Body weight is composed of fat and lean body mass (bone, muscle, and internal organs).
- Body Mass Index (BMI) is the most common measure of body weight relative to height.
- BMI calculation: Weight in kilograms/(Height in meters)² or [Weight in pounds/(Height in inches)²] × 703.
- BMI classifications and associated health risks: Underweight (<18.5 kg/m²), Normal weight (18.5-24.9 kg/m²), Overweight (>25 kg/m²), Pre-obese (25-29.9 kg/m²), Obese class 1 (30-34.9 kg/m²), Obese class 2 (35-39.9 kg/m²), Obese class 3 (>40 kg/m²).
- BMI is not a perfect measure, as it doesn't account for body composition.
- BMI limitations include needing consideration of factors such as body composition, fat percentages, and fitness levels.
- Body fat percentage is a better measure of obesity than BMI.
- Body fat levels vary by sex and age, with young adult males having lower body fat percentages (8-19%) compared to young adult females (21-32%)
- Body fat levels increase with age. Lean body mass declines with age.
- Waist circumference (abdominal/visceral fat) is another measure of central obesity. A waist circumference >102 cm in men and >88 cm in women is associated with an increased disease risk. These measurements vary by ethnicity.
- Visceral fat is the fat around abdominal organs (apple shape) and is metabolically active and associated with higher disease risks.
- Subcutaneous fat is under the skin (pear shape) and has no increased disease risks.
- Energy balance (over time): Weight maintenance = Calories consumed = Calories expended; Weight gain = Calories consumed > Calories expended; Weight loss = Calories consumed < Calories expended. Weight gain/loss is more complex than this simple equation & other factors play a role.
- Appetite is the drive for specific foods triggered by external cues, independent of hunger.
- Hunger is the drive to consume food triggered by internal physiological signals.
- Genes play a significant role (40-70%) in body weight management. Over 100 genes are involved. Specific obesity, genes make proteins influencing how much food you eat, how much energy you expend, and how fat is stored.
- The body stores excess calories as glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscle, and as fat in adipocytes.
- Fast weight loss diets (>1 kg/week) are not sustainable and can be unhealthy. Very low-calorie diets (below 800 kcal/day) lead to nutritional deficiencies and are not recommended. Unhealthy methods include severely restricting energy intake, inadequate caloric intake (<1500 kcal), and dehydration through extreme exercise, fluid restriction or use of vapor-impermeable suits, saunas, diuretics or laxatives, or self-induced vomiting. A weight loss of more than 1 kg (2 lbs) per week is not recommended.
- Healthy weight loss focuses on gradual but consistent weight reduction (no more than 1 kg/week), adequate hydration, maintaining a healthy lifestyle that includes physical activity, and considers individual preferences, allergies, social habits.
- Healthy weight reduction relies on lasting lifestyle changes and not temporary diets and should be a goal associated with better metabolic fitness, regardless of weight.
- Dietary restrictions can cause anemia, headaches, fatigue, muscle cramps, amenorrhea, gallstones, high cholesterol, nausea, diarrhea, constipation, or, potentially, death.
- Psychological issues associated with food restriction include preoccupation with food and weight, increased response to external cues vs internal cues, mood swings, irritability, poor self-image, disordered eating, apathy/lethargy, guilt, and depression.
- Individual choices about weight management should take into account the potential consequences and an accurate view of health.
- Measuring overall health should encompass physical, mental, and social aspects, including high energy levels, better mobility, high self-esteem and a positive body image, and metabolic fitness.
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Description
This quiz covers Unit 13 of NUTR 1100, focusing on energy balance, expenditure, and factors influencing food intake and body weight. It addresses health risks associated with obesity and the importance of maintaining a healthy weight. Understand how body composition, particularly the role of fat and lean mass, impacts overall health.
