Psychology Chapter 12: Leadership
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Questions and Answers

What personality trait is associated with good leaders who enjoy social interactions?

Extraversion.

What is one key trait associated with effective leadership that relates to emotion?

Emotional intelligence.

According to trait theories, what two areas can traits predict in leadership?

The emergence of leaders and their effectiveness.

What two primary behaviors were identified in the Ohio State Studies relating to leadership?

<p>Initiating structure and consideration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cultural difference did the GLOBE study identify about leadership behavior?

<p>Preferences for initiating structure and consideration vary internationally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion can be drawn about the relationship between traits, behaviors, and leadership effectiveness?

<p>Certain traits and culturally appropriate behaviors lead to more effective leadership.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advantage does a leader with high conscientiousness possess?

<p>They are disciplined and able to keep commitments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do trait theories compare to behavioral theories in predicting leadership outcomes?

<p>Trait theories better predict leader emergence while behavioral theories focus on how to train individuals to lead.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of trait theories of leadership?

<p>Trait theories of leadership focus on personal qualities and characteristics that differentiate leaders from non-leaders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which trait is found to be the most predictive of effective leadership according to the Big Five personality traits?

<p>Extraversion is the most predictive trait of effective leaders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limitation do behavioral theories of leadership have?

<p>Behavioral theories tend to overlook the impact of situational factors on leadership effectiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do contingency theories of leadership contrast with other leadership theories?

<p>Contingency theories emphasize that the effectiveness of a leader depends on the specific situational context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do leaders play in creating ethical organizations?

<p>Leaders are critical in establishing ethical standards and promoting integrity within their organizations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what ways can leaders positively impact their organizations?

<p>Leaders can positively impact organizations by building trust and providing mentoring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenges exist in our understanding of leadership?

<p>Challenges include the diverse definitions, the evolving nature of leadership roles, and the subjective interpretations of effectiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which traits showed strong relationships to leadership aside from extraversion?

<p>Conscientiousness and openness to experience also showed strong relationships to leadership.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Fiedler contingency model emphasize regarding leadership effectiveness?

<p>It emphasizes that effective group performance depends on the proper match between the leader’s style and the degree of control provided by the situation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the least preferred coworker (LPC) questionnaire contribute to the Fiedler model?

<p>The LPC questionnaire assesses whether a leader is task-oriented or relationship-oriented, which helps determine their leadership style under the Fiedler model.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the three contingency dimensions established by the Fiedler model.

<p>The three dimensions are leader-member relations, task structure, and position power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of Situational Leadership Theory (SLT)?

<p>SLT focuses on the followers and emphasizes selecting the appropriate leadership style based on their level of readiness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the fundamental principle of Path-Goal Theory.

<p>Path-Goal Theory posits that effective leaders clarify the path for followers to achieve their work goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe how the leader-participation model connects leadership behavior and decision-making.

<p>The leader-participation model indicates that leaders must adjust their behavior according to the task structure to facilitate participation in decision-making.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for leaders to adapt their style according to followers' readiness?

<p>Adapting leadership style based on followers' readiness enhances engagement and effectiveness in achieving goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the implications of the Ohio State leadership research for Path-Goal Theory?

<p>Path-Goal Theory incorporates key elements from the Ohio State research, specifically initiating structure and consideration, to support motivational strategies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of servant leadership?

<p>Focusing on helping followers grow and develop.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does trust affect leadership effectiveness?

<p>Trust is crucial for effective leadership and broken trust can harm group performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is trust propensity?

<p>The inclination to trust others based on personal and cultural factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does time play in the development of trust?

<p>Time can either strengthen or weaken trust through shared experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two key functions of mentoring relationships?

<p>Career functions include coaching and lobbying for assignments; psychosocial functions include counseling and providing acceptance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might happen if trust is broken within a team?

<p>It can lead to serious adverse effects on the group's performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do servant leaders demonstrate their focus on follower development?

<p>They engage in behaviors such as listening, empathizing, and persuading.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does positive leadership have on employee behaviors?

<p>It can significantly enhance employee performance and overall morale.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of charismatic leaders that relates to their vision?

<p>Charismatic leaders have a vision that is expressed as an idealized goal, proposing a future better than the status quo.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do charismatic leaders demonstrate personal risk?

<p>They are willing to take on high personal risk, incur significant costs, and engage in self-sacrifice to achieve their vision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'sensitivity to follower needs' in charismatic leadership?

<p>It refers to the leader's ability to perceive and respond to the abilities, needs, and feelings of their followers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way can individuals develop charisma according to the content?

<p>Individuals can develop charisma by using their passion to generate enthusiasm and engaging in animated communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does a crisis play in the effectiveness of charismatic leadership?

<p>People are more receptive to charismatic leadership during a crisis or when they are under stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What elements are involved when charismatic leaders influence their followers?

<p>They articulate an appealing vision, develop a vision statement, establish a new set of values, and convey courage and conviction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unconventional behavior is characteristic of charismatic leaders?

<p>Charismatic leaders engage in behaviors that are perceived as novel and counter to existing norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Can charisma be innate or developed according to the content?

<p>Yes, some individuals are born with charismatic traits, while others can be trained to exhibit charismatic behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to attribution theory, how is leadership perceived?

<p>Leadership is an attribution made by people about others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor that can lead to an organization's success or failure aside from leadership?

<p>Being in the right or wrong place at a given time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are 'substitutes for leadership' according to the framework discussed?

<p>Substitutes for leadership are factors that can replace the need for direct leadership, such as intrinsic job satisfaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do rigid rules and procedures affect task-oriented leadership?

<p>Rigid rules and procedures have no effect on task-oriented leadership.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does individual experience play in relationship-oriented leadership?

<p>Individual experience has no effect on relationship-oriented leadership.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be reviewed to identify effective leaders?

<p>Specific requirements for the position should be reviewed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might personality tests assist in selecting leaders?

<p>Personality tests can identify traits associated with effective leadership.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical consideration when planning for a change in leadership?

<p>Considering situation-specific experience is crucial.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two dimensions of leadership behavior are identified in the Ohio State Studies?

<p>The two dimensions are initiating structure and consideration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do trait theories of leadership differ in predicting leadership emergence versus effectiveness?

<p>Trait theories predict leadership emergence better than they predict leadership effectiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the GLOBE study, what leadership behavior is more likely to succeed in cultures favoring cooperative decision making?

<p>Leaders high in consideration are more likely to succeed in such cultures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does emotional intelligence, particularly empathy, play in leadership according to trait theories?

<p>Emotional intelligence, especially empathy, is linked to a higher likelihood of emerging as a leader.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical advantage of leaders who are disciplined and conscientious?

<p>They are better at keeping commitments, which enhances their leadership effectiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Fiedler contingency model determine leadership effectiveness?

<p>It determines effectiveness by matching the leader's style with the control provided by the situation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors are considered in the contingency dimensions of the Fiedler model?

<p>Leader-member relations, task structure, and position power are the key factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Path-Goal Theory emphasize regarding leadership?

<p>It emphasizes that effective leaders clarify the path for followers to achieve their work goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the leader-participation model relate leadership behavior to decision making?

<p>It suggests that leader behavior must adjust based on the task structure and the level of participation required.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two ways charismatic leaders articulate their vision to their followers?

<p>By expressing an idealized goal for a better future and clarifying the importance of that vision in understandable terms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do charismatic leaders engage with followers to meet their needs?

<p>They are sensitive to followers' abilities and responsive to their needs and feelings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic of charismatic leaders that involves taking risks?

<p>Charismatic leaders are willing to take on high personal risk and engage in self-sacrifice for their vision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what context are followers especially receptive to charismatic leadership?

<p>During times of crisis or when they are under stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an unconventional behavior associated with charismatic leadership?

<p>Engaging in behaviors that are perceived as novel and contrary to existing norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of a charismatic leader reflects their ability to inspire and connect with followers emotionally?

<p>Sensitivity to follower needs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can individuals enhance their charismatic traits according to the content?

<p>Using enthusiasm and animated communication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which situation is most likely to enhance the effectiveness of charismatic leadership?

<p>A crisis or stressful scenario (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior is indicative of a charismatic leader's unconventional approach?

<p>Engaging in novel and norm-defying actions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial element that charismatic leaders must articulate to influence their followers effectively?

<p>An appealing vision (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What trait is associated with leaders who are good at establishing and maintaining commitments?

<p>Conscientiousness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior did the Ohio State Studies identify as essential for effective leadership?

<p>Initiating structure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of emotional intelligence is crucial for effective leaders according to trait theories?

<p>Empathy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the GLOBE study suggest about leaders who are high in consideration?

<p>They may struggle in cultures favoring unilateral decision-making. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion can be drawn about the predictive ability of traits in leadership?

<p>Traits are better at predicting the emergence of leaders than effectiveness. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Fiedler contingency model emphasize as critical for effective group performance?

<p>The proper match between the leader’s style and the situation's control level (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a key aspect of Situational Leadership Theory (SLT)?

<p>It suggests leadership style adapts based on followers’ readiness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary principle does Path-Goal Theory suggest about leadership?

<p>Effective leaders must clarify the path to help followers achieve their goals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the leader-participation model, what must leader behavior adjust to reflect?

<p>The task structure present in the situation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which dimension is NOT identified in the Fiedler Model as a contingency dimension?

<p>Situational control (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Leadership Definition

The ability to influence a group toward achieving a vision or goals.

Trait Theories of Leadership

Focuses on personal qualities and characteristics that differentiate leaders from non-leaders.

Big Five Personality Traits and Leadership

Extraversion is the strongest predictor of leadership emergence, not effectiveness. Conscientiousness and openness also relate to effectiveness, but less so than extraversion.

Leadership Emergence vs. Effectiveness

Extraversion is strongly linked to leadership emergence (becoming a leader), but less directly correlated to the leadership's ultimate success.

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Nonsanctioned Leadership

Informal influence that can often be more important than formal authority in influencing people.

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Leaders vs. Managers

Leaders inspire and motivate, often having a larger influence; managers focus on executing plans and tasks.

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Predictive trait of effective leaders

Extraversion correlates strongly with leadership emergence, but not leadership effectiveness alone.

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Fundamental aspect of leadership

Influence over a group. This influence helps achieve objectives.

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Emotional Intelligence (EI)

A set of abilities that predicts leadership success, including empathy and the ability to understand and manage one's own emotions, and others'.

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Initiating Structure

A leadership behavior focused on organizing work, defining roles, and setting clear expectations.

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Consideration

A leadership behavior focused on creating supportive relationships, promoting collaboration, and showing concern for employees.

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GLOBE Study

A study highlighting cross-cultural differences in leadership preferences, including variations in perceived effectiveness of initiating structure and consideration behaviors.

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Trait-Leadership Effectiveness

Leaders with certain traits and appropriate behaviors seem more effective; but traits and behaviors alone don't guarantee success.

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Leadership Emergence

The process of becoming a leader based on observed traits and behaviours.

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Behavioral Theories

Leadership theories that focus on behaviors, indicating learnable leadership qualities through training, distinct from traits.

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Leader-Member Exchange Theory (LMX)

LMX suggests that leaders develop unique relationships with each follower, forming 'in-groups' with those they trust and have strong relationships with. This leads to more favorable treatment and opportunities for the 'in-group' members.

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Charismatic Leadership

Charismatic leadership involves a leader who inspires and motivates followers by articulating a compelling vision, taking personal risks, and showing empathy. This can lead to exceptional performance and commitment.

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Vision and Articulation (Charismatic Leader)

Charismatic leaders possess a clear vision for the future and communicate it in a way that makes it understandable, appealing, and exciting to their followers.

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Personal Risk (Charismatic Leader)

Charismatic leaders are willing to take personal risks and sacrifices to achieve their vision. They are not afraid to challenge the status quo and stand up for what they believe.

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Sensitivity to Follower Needs (Charismatic Leader)

Charismatic leaders are perceptive of their followers' needs, emotions, and talents. They build strong relationships by showing genuine concern and understanding.

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Unconventional Behavior (Charismatic Leader)

Charismatic leaders often engage in behaviors that are out of the ordinary, challenging norms, and potentially risky. This makes them stand out and generate excitement.

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Developing a Vision Statement

A crucial part of charismatic leadership is crafting a clear, concise, and compelling vision statement that outlines the desired future state and inspires followers.

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Situational Influence on Charismatic Leadership

Charismatic leadership can be more impactful during times of crisis, uncertainty, or high stress. People are more receptive to inspirational leadership during challenging moments.

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Fiedler Contingency Model

This model proposes that a leader's effectiveness depends on the match between their leadership style and the situational control they have.

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Least Preferred Coworker (LPC) Questionnaire

Used in Fiedler's model to assess a leader's style. It measures whether they are more task-oriented or relationship-oriented.

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Contingency Dimensions

These are factors that influence the situation a leader faces, impacting how much control they have. They include leader-member relations, task structure, and position power.

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Situational Leadership Theory (SLT)

This theory emphasizes that leadership style should adapt to the follower's readiness to perform a task. It's about finding the right style for the right follower at the right time.

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Path-Goal Theory

This theory focuses on how leaders can influence their followers' motivation by clarifying their paths to achieve goals. This happens by providing support, direction, and rewards.

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Leader-Participation Model

This model focuses on how task structure influences the amount of participation leaders should involve their followers in decision making.

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Task-Oriented Leader

A leader who focuses on completing tasks efficiently and effectively.

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Relationship-Oriented Leader

A leader who prioritizes building strong relationships with their team members.

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Servant Leadership

A leadership style where leaders prioritize the growth and well-being of their followers over their own self-interest. They focus on empowering and developing others.

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Trust and Leadership

A key component of successful leadership, where followers feel confident and secure in their leader's intentions and actions. This trust allows for vulnerability and open communication.

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Trust Propensity

The general tendency of an individual to trust others. This is influenced by personal experiences, cultural norms, and individual beliefs.

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Trust and Culture

The prevailing norms and values within a group or organization can significantly influence levels of trust. A culture of transparency and accountability fosters trust.

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Regaining Trust

When trust is broken, it takes effort and time to rebuild it. It requires demonstrating reliability, being transparent, and showing genuine remorse.

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Career Functions of Mentoring

Mentors provide support and guidance to protégés in their careers, helping them gain access to opportunities, develop skills, and navigate career challenges.

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Psychosocial Functions of Mentoring

Mentors provide emotional and psychological support to protégés, helping them build self-confidence, cope with challenges, and develop a sense of belonging.

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Mentoring Relationship

A relationship where an experienced individual provides guidance and support to a less experienced individual, fostering their professional and personal growth.

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Attribution Theory of Leadership

The idea that leadership is simply a perception we have of individuals, rather than an inherent quality.

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Substitutes for Leadership

Factors that can replace the need for leadership, such as highly structured work or individual expertise.

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Neutralizers of Leadership

Factors that diminish the effectiveness of a leader's influence, such as a lack of reward or indifference to feedback.

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Identifying Effective Leaders

The process of finding qualified leaders by assessing specific requirements, using personality tests, and analyzing situation-specific experience.

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Leadership Trait

A personal characteristic that differentiates leaders from non-leaders, such as extraversion, conscientiousness, or openness to experience.

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Leadership Effectiveness

The ability of a leader to achieve goals and influence others successfully.

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Planning for Leadership Change

Preparing for a shift in leadership by identifying potential candidates, fostering a smooth transition, and supporting the new leader.

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Emotional Intelligence (EI) in Leadership

Individuals with high emotional intelligence (EI) are better at understanding and managing their own emotions and those of others. This ability is linked to leadership success, particularly in building strong relationships and motivating teams.

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Behavioral Theories of Leadership

These theories highlight how specific leadership behaviors contribute to effectiveness. They suggest that leadership can be learned through training and experience, focusing on actions rather than innate traits.

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Least Preferred Coworker (LPC)

A questionnaire used in Fiedler's model to determine if a leader is task-oriented (low LPC score) or relationship-oriented (high LPC score) by ranking their least preferred coworker on a scale.

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Charismatic Leader

A leader who inspires and motivates followers by articulating a compelling vision, taking personal risks, and showing empathy. This can lead to exceptional performance and commitment.

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Extraversion and Leadership

Extraversion, one of the Big Five personality traits, is strongly linked to leadership emergence (becoming a leader). This means extraverted individuals are more likely to be chosen as leaders.

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Trait Theories: Predicting Leadership Emergence

Trait theories suggest that certain personality traits can predict whether someone will emerge as a leader, but not necessarily how effective they will be.

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Behavioral Theories: Training Leaders

Behavioral theories of leadership suggest that leadership is a learned behavior. This means we can train people to be leaders, and their actions will have a big impact on their effectiveness.

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Context Matters: Leadership Success

Both trait and behavioral theories emphasize the role of context. Simply having the right traits or behaviors doesn't guarantee leadership success. The situation and environment are also crucial.

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Vision and Articulation

A charismatic leader has a clear vision of the future and communicates it in a way that is both understandable and inspiring to followers.

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Personal Risk

Charismatic leaders are willing to take risks and make sacrifices to achieve their vision. They are not afraid to challenge the status quo.

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Sensitivity to Follower Needs

Charismatic leaders are perceptive of their followers' needs, emotions, and talents. They build strong relationships by showing genuine concern and understanding.

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Unconventional Behavior

Charismatic leaders often engage in behaviors that are out of the ordinary, challenging norms, and potentially risky. This makes them stand out and generate excitement.

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Study Notes

Chapter 12: Leadership

  • Leadership is the ability to influence a group towards achieving a vision or set of goals.
  • Not all leaders are managers, and not all managers are leaders.
  • Unsanctioned leadership can be just as important, or more so, than formal leadership.
  • Trait theories focus on personal characteristics and qualities that differentiate leaders from non-leaders.
  • The search for these attributes dates back to the earliest leadership research.

Central Tenets and Limitations of Behavioral Theories

  • Behavioral theories suggest that leadership can be taught.
  • Ohio State Studies identified two key behaviors: initiating structure and consideration.
  • The GLOBE study found that consideration is more important in cultures where unilateral decisions are less valued.

Contrasting Contingency Theories of Leadership

  • Fiedler's contingency model suggests that effective group performance depends on the right match between a leader's style and the situation.
  • The least preferred coworker (LPC) questionnaire is used to assess leadership style.
  • Leadership style is assumed to be fixed and task-oriented or relationship-oriented.
  • Contingency dimensions in the model include; leader-member relations, task structure, and position power. Charts in the text detail the relationship between these dimensions and leadership style
  • Situational leadership theory (SLT) is a contingency where successful leadership comes from selecting the right style contingent upon the followers' readiness levels.
  • Path-goal theory is a contingency model focused on initiating structure, consideration, and expectancy theory. Leaders who clarify the paths for followers to achieve work goals are most effective.
  • The leader-participation model relates leadership behaviors to participation in decision-making; leadership behavior must adapt to task structure.

Contemporary Theories of Leadership

  • Charismatic leaders have strong visions, take risks, are sensitive to followers' needs, and exhibit unconventional behaviors.

  • Charisma development can be through either developing innate traits or through training. Examples include passion focused communications and eye contact with nonverbal cues and gestures.

  • Charismatic leadership effectiveness depends on the situation; crisis times often result in a charismatic leader's success.

  • The dark side of charisma is that narcissistic leaders don't necessarily act in the best interest of their companies and may override company goals for self-gain.

  • Transformational leaders possess characteristics such as idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration.

  • These leadership styles are more strongly correlated with various workplace outcomes.

  • Transformational leadership is strongly associated with creativity, decentralization of responsibility, risk-taking, long-term results, and top management agreement.

Role of Leaders in Creating Ethical Organizations

  • Authentic leadership involves knowing oneself, one's values and beliefs, and acting consistently on these values.
  • Ethical leadership combines elements of ethical and charismatic leadership toward socialized and other-centered leadership.
  • Abusive supervision involves hostile verbal and nonverbal behaviors, negatively impacting employee health, commitment, job satisfaction, support, and work-family conflict, to the detriment of employee behaviors and performance.
  • Servant leadership goes beyond self-interest to help follower growth and development. Behaviors include listening, empathizing, persuading, and developing followers' potential.

Positive Leadership

  • Trust is a psychological state that exists when vulnerability is accepted by one party towards another because positive expectations exist.
  • Trust is a primary leadership attribute correlated to organizational effectiveness.

Challenges to Our Understanding of Leadership

  • Much organizational success or failure is determined by external factors beyond a leader's control.
  • The attribution theory posits that leadership is merely a perception or an attribution that people make about others.
  • Selection of leaders should involve evaluating specific job requirements and using personality tests as a guide.
  • Leadership training, including the teaching of implementation skills, trust-building, mentoring, situational analysis and exercises, and training in transformational leadership can result in leadership success
  • Situational specific experiences and plans for future leadership transitions should also be considered when selecting leaders.

Implications for Leaders

  • Leadership preference and style should match current organizational dynamics and culture.
  • Hire candidates with transformational leadership experience and success in working with others around a long-term organizational vision
  • Employ ethical candidates who are trustworthy for management roles and train them in organizational ethical standards to reduce abusive supervision..
  • Develop trusting relationships with followers to counter organizational instability and unpredictability.
  • Spend time in or consider leadership, training, workshops and any other type of mentoringプログラム.

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Organizational Behavior Chapter 12 PDF

Description

This quiz explores the key concepts of leadership from Chapter 12, including various leadership theories and characteristics that differentiate leaders from non-leaders. It delves into behavioral theories and contingency models, highlighting their significance in different cultures and situations. Test your understanding of leadership dynamics and the factors that influence effective leadership.

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