Psychology Chapter 11 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the highly studied aspects of the self?

Self-identity

Self-awareness

Self-esteem

Self-help (correct)

The developmental concept of self-_____ is defined as the child's cognitive representation of self.

understanding

Being attentive and positive toward his or her image in a mirror is one way of an infant expressing

self-recognition

According to new research findings, young children are _____ (more/less) psychologically aware of themselves and others than once believed.

More Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are main characteristics of self-understanding in children? (Select all that apply)

Confusion of self, mind, and body Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following, often considered a central aspect of an individual's personality, lends an integrative dimension to our understanding of different personality characteristics?

Self Signup and view all the answers

Children's cognitive representations of themselves make up their:

self-understanding Signup and view all the answers

Studying the self in infancy is difficult because infants cannot ______ express themselves.

verbally Signup and view all the answers

At what age do children develop the ability to use psychological traits to describe themselves and others?

4-5 years Signup and view all the answers

Compared with what was previously thought, research now shows that young children are:

more psychologically aware of themselves and others. Signup and view all the answers

Young children are overly ______ in their self-descriptions.

optimistic Signup and view all the answers

According to research, Piaget's views on the egocentrism of infants are:

overstated Signup and view all the answers

When an adult fosters children's socioemotional growth, the adult is serving as a relational:

catalyst Signup and view all the answers

Which child has most likely developed an attitude of skepticism due to an understanding that others do not always give true statements?

4-year-old Kaylee, regarding her friend's excuses. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following aspects of social understanding increases during middle and late childhood?

Taking the perspective of others Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are characteristics that children younger than 5 or 6 years old would use when describing the differences between themselves and a friend? (Select all that apply)

Height Signup and view all the answers

Which statements are true about the social sensitivity and/or egocentrism of young children? (Choose every correct answer.)

Talking about internal states can help young children understand them. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are methods of helping a child develop social interaction and relationships? (Select all that apply)

Talk with a child about emotions Signup and view all the answers

At about 4 to 5 years, children begin to describe themselves using:

psychological traits Signup and view all the answers

During middle and late childhood, children's self-understanding becomes ______ complex.

more Signup and view all the answers

Ten-year-old Karla describes herself as a 'cheerleader.' Which of the following changes in self-understanding does this best reflect?

social descriptions Signup and view all the answers

Children use unrealistic positive overestimations because of which of the following? (Select all that apply)

They cannot tell the difference in an ideal self and a real self. Signup and view all the answers

What two executive functions are most called on when children engage in perspective taking?

Cognitive flexibility, Cognitive inhibition Signup and view all the answers

The tendency to compare oneself with others ______ in adolescence.

increases Signup and view all the answers

As compared to younger children, children in middle to late childhood would be more likely to describe themselves as:

kind Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following refers to what individuals might become, what they would like to become, and what they are afraid of becoming?

Possible selves Signup and view all the answers

What is defined as the ability to understand or be sympathetic to another person?

Perspective taking Signup and view all the answers

When adolescents compare themselves with others, it is a part of their:

self-understanding Signup and view all the answers

Select the key changes that characterize the increased complexity in children's self-understanding. (Choose every correct answer.)

Using social descriptions Signup and view all the answers

"I am a good person" is a statement that refers to a person's self- _ (concept/esteem)."I am a good football player" is a statement that refers to a person's self- _ (concept/esteem).

esteem, concept Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a quality that differentiates an adolescent's self-understanding from that of a child?

Active description Signup and view all the answers

Self-esteem is most related to which of the following?

Happiness Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true of correlational research?

It does not establish causation. Signup and view all the answers

Self- _____ gives individuals the ability to control their behavior without having to rely on others' help.

regulation or control Signup and view all the answers

Self-______ refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self.

concept Signup and view all the answers

In self-______, which emerges in late adolescence and emerging adulthood, self-understanding merges with the self and its many parts.

integration Signup and view all the answers

Select all the consequences of low self-esteem in adolescence that may show in adulthood.

Lower life satisfaction Signup and view all the answers

Most of the research on self-esteem is:

correlational Signup and view all the answers

By the age of 2 to 3 years old children are aware of limitations on self-.For example, knowing what to play with and where to play.

regulation Signup and view all the answers

Emmanuel often monitors his thoughts and behaviors throughout the day to ensure that he is being respectful and appropriate. Emmanuel is demonstrating:

self-regulation Signup and view all the answers

Which theorist is most associated with selective optimization with compensation theory?

Baltes Signup and view all the answers

The adolescent's self-understanding ______ across situations and across time.

fluctuates Signup and view all the answers

Religious beliefs, political views, relationship status, personality, and sexual orientation are components of:

identity Signup and view all the answers

What were the findings of a New Zealand study that assessed individuals' self-esteem during adolescence and their adjustment in adulthood (at age 26)?

Adults who experienced adjustment difficulties had lower self-esteem in adolescence than their successful counterparts. Signup and view all the answers

Resisting temptation is an important aspect of a preschooler's:

self-control Signup and view all the answers

Selective optimization with ______ theory states that older adults can produce new resources and allocate them effectively to the tasks they want to master.

compensation Signup and view all the answers

A person's identity is composed of all of the following EXCEPT their:

Genetic profile Signup and view all the answers

What is the term given by Erikson to the fifth stage of development, experienced during adolescence?

Identity versus identity confusion Signup and view all the answers

According to contemporary identity theorists, decisions ______ during the process of identity development.

must be made again and again Signup and view all the answers

By the age of 2 to 3 years, old children are aware of limitations on self- _____.For example, knowing what to play with and where to play.

regulation Signup and view all the answers

How is commitment defined by Marcia?

personal investment in identity Signup and view all the answers

Louise is 70 years old and has permanently lost sight in her right eye. Louise is adapting well to this loss with application of the three key factors described in selective ______ with compensation theory.

optimization Signup and view all the answers

What defines identity achievement?

Presence of both a crisis and a commitment Signup and view all the answers

According to Erik Erikson, adolescents are faced with deciding who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life during the identity-versus-_____-confusion stage of development.

identity Signup and view all the answers

According to contemporary identity theory, identity development:

is accomplished in bits and pieces. Signup and view all the answers

The enduring personal characteristics of individuals is referred to as:

personality Signup and view all the answers

Teresa has always tried to look at the cup as half full. She has made ______ her personal style of thinking.

optimism Signup and view all the answers

Most researchers use ______ to refer to the period of identity development during which an adolescent chooses among meaningful alternatives.

Exploration Signup and view all the answers

What determines identity foreclosure?

Presence of a commitment but not a crisis Signup and view all the answers

The promotion of which two of the following in a family atmosphere are important for an adolescent's identity development?

Individuality Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are among the major personality theories? (Choose every correct answer.)

Social cognitive theory Signup and view all the answers

Having a positive outlook on the future and minimizing problems is a definition of the term:

optimism Signup and view all the answers

True or false: According to Levinson, adulthood has three main stages surrounded by transition periods.

True Signup and view all the answers

According to Marcia, the period in identity development when individuals are exploring alternatives is called

crisis, or exploration Signup and view all the answers

Identity ______ refers to an individual who experienced a crisis and made a commitment.

achievement Signup and view all the answers

Olivia is a 19-year-old college student who hopes to be a physician assistant in a large medical facility. She plans to be married and have two children by the time she turns 30. Levinson would call this

the dream Signup and view all the answers

Who among the following is associated with The Seasons of a Man's Life?

Levinson Signup and view all the answers

According to Levinson, a person between the ages of 28 and 33 is faced with which of the following tasks?

determining life goals Signup and view all the answers

According to Levinson, the twenties is the ______ phase of adult development.

novice Signup and view all the answers

Based on Levinson's work, which of the following is NOT a major conflict that an adult male must come to grips with during the transition to middle adulthood?

Being ambitious versus being satisfied with life as it stands Signup and view all the answers

According to Levinson, which of the following ages most closely corresponds to the point in adulthood when a person enters the phase of Becoming One's Own Man (BOOM)?

38 Signup and view all the answers

The contemporary life-events approach claims that how a life event influences an individual's development depends not only on the event but also on which of the following?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What defines identity moratorium?

Presence of a crisis but not of a commitment Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson, when adults work to leave a legacy of themselves to the next generation, they are working toward

generativity Signup and view all the answers

According to Levinson, how long does the transition to middle adulthood last?

Five years Signup and view all the answers

_____ characteristics such as introversion or extroversion are present in most individuals and are stable throughout the life span.

Personality Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a belief attributed to the contemporary life-events approach?

The stress of life events alone influences a person's development. Signup and view all the answers

Forty-year-old Maritska wishes to establish a pediatric AIDS foundation overseas. According to Erikson, she is focused on establishing a sense of

generativity Signup and view all the answers

A common finding is that the _____ (less/more) time between measurements of personality characteristics, the more stability they show.

less Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson, what causes people to feel stagnation in life?

when they believe they have done nothing for the next generation Signup and view all the answers

Tony has recently experienced the death of his wife in a hit-and-run car accident. He has a very close network of friends and family who are there to support him. What would the contemporary life-events approach say about Tony and his experience?

Tony will be affected by his wife's death but not as negatively as someone without a similar level of social support and coping strategies. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Self and Development

Self-help is not a highly studied aspect of self-development.
Self-understanding refers to a child's cognitive representation of self and encompasses their self-conceptions.
Infants express self-recognition by showing positive attention to their image in a mirror.

Psychological Awareness

Recent research indicates that young children possess more psychological awareness of themselves and others than previously believed.
Children aged 4-5 begin using psychological traits for self-description.

Characteristics of Self-Understanding in Children

Active descriptions, confusion of self, mind, and body, and unrealistic positive overestimations characterize self-understanding.
Children's self-understanding is a reflection of their cognitive representations of themselves.

Communication and Expression

Studying self-concept in infants is challenging due to their inability to express themselves verbally.
Young children tend to be overly optimistic in self-descriptions and often struggle to differentiate between ideal and real selves.

Developmental Theories

Piaget's theories on infant egocentrism may be overstated, showing children as being more socially aware than once thought.
An adult can enhance children's socioemotional growth by serving as a relational catalyst, refining their self-conceptions.

Social understanding evolves, with children in middle to late childhood increasing in perspective-taking abilities.
Young children primarily describe themselves using physical characteristics such as hair color and height.

Talking about internal states helps improve young children's social sensitivity and perceptiveness.
Approaches to develop social interaction include acknowledging shared intentions, discussing emotions, and praising accomplishments.

Identity Development

Adolescents navigate identity development through crises and commitments, experiencing fluctuations in self-understanding.
Erikson's fifth stage, "Identity versus Identity Confusion," focuses on adolescents determining their identity and direction in life.

Theories of Personality and Self

Personality characteristics are stable over time, while self-concept includes domain-specific evaluations.
Self-esteem is closely linked to happiness, and low self-esteem in adolescence can lead to negative adulthood outcomes.

Life-Stage Theories

Levinson conceptualizes adulthood as involving transitions, with specific tasks correlating to age milestones.
Selective optimization with compensation theory suggests older adults can optimize resources and adapt effectively to challenges.

Commitment and Identity

Identity achievement occurs with both a crisis and a commitment. In contrast, identity moratorium represents a crisis without commitment.
Generativity in adulthood refers to striving to leave a legacy for future generations, a key focus for adults in Erikson's theory.

Coping and Resilience

Contemporary life-events approaches emphasize that life event impacts depend on individual adaptation and support systems.
Positive coping strategies and social support greatly influence recovery and emotional resilience following significant life events.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts from Chapter 11 of the Smart Book related to aspects of the self. This quiz covers definitions and crucial terms that are essential in understanding self-concept and self-representation in developmental psychology. Prepare to enhance your grasp of psychological principles regarding the self.

Psychology Chapter 11 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the highly studied aspects of the self?

The developmental concept of self-_____ is defined as the child's cognitive representation of self.

Being attentive and positive toward his or her image in a mirror is one way of an infant expressing

According to new research findings, young children are _____ (more/less) psychologically aware of themselves and others than once believed.

Which of the following are main characteristics of self-understanding in children? (Select all that apply)

Which of the following, often considered a central aspect of an individual's personality, lends an integrative dimension to our understanding of different personality characteristics?

Children's cognitive representations of themselves make up their:

Studying the self in infancy is difficult because infants cannot ______ express themselves.

At what age do children develop the ability to use psychological traits to describe themselves and others?

Compared with what was previously thought, research now shows that young children are:

Young children are overly ______ in their self-descriptions.

According to research, Piaget's views on the egocentrism of infants are:

When an adult fosters children's socioemotional growth, the adult is serving as a relational:

Which child has most likely developed an attitude of skepticism due to an understanding that others do not always give true statements?

Which of the following aspects of social understanding increases during middle and late childhood?

Which of the following are characteristics that children younger than 5 or 6 years old would use when describing the differences between themselves and a friend? (Select all that apply)

Which statements are true about the social sensitivity and/or egocentrism of young children? (Choose every correct answer.)

Which of the following are methods of helping a child develop social interaction and relationships? (Select all that apply)

At about 4 to 5 years, children begin to describe themselves using:

During middle and late childhood, children's self-understanding becomes ______ complex.

Ten-year-old Karla describes herself as a 'cheerleader.' Which of the following changes in self-understanding does this best reflect?

Children use unrealistic positive overestimations because of which of the following? (Select all that apply)

What two executive functions are most called on when children engage in perspective taking?

The tendency to compare oneself with others ______ in adolescence.

As compared to younger children, children in middle to late childhood would be more likely to describe themselves as:

Which of the following refers to what individuals might become, what they would like to become, and what they are afraid of becoming?

What is defined as the ability to understand or be sympathetic to another person?

When adolescents compare themselves with others, it is a part of their:

Select the key changes that characterize the increased complexity in children's self-understanding. (Choose every correct answer.)

"I am a good person" is a statement that refers to a person's self- _____ (concept/esteem)."I am a good football player" is a statement that refers to a person's self- _____ (concept/esteem).

Which of the following is NOT a quality that differentiates an adolescent's self-understanding from that of a child?

Self-esteem is most related to which of the following?

Which of the following is true of correlational research?

Self- _____ gives individuals the ability to control their behavior without having to rely on others' help.

Self-______ refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self.

In self-______, which emerges in late adolescence and emerging adulthood, self-understanding merges with the self and its many parts.

Select all the consequences of low self-esteem in adolescence that may show in adulthood.

Most of the research on self-esteem is:

By the age of 2 to 3 years old children are aware of limitations on self-.For example, knowing what to play with and where to play.

Emmanuel often monitors his thoughts and behaviors throughout the day to ensure that he is being respectful and appropriate. Emmanuel is demonstrating:

Which theorist is most associated with selective optimization with compensation theory?

The adolescent's self-understanding ______ across situations and across time.

Religious beliefs, political views, relationship status, personality, and sexual orientation are components of:

What were the findings of a New Zealand study that assessed individuals' self-esteem during adolescence and their adjustment in adulthood (at age 26)?

Resisting temptation is an important aspect of a preschooler's:

Selective optimization with ______ theory states that older adults can produce new resources and allocate them effectively to the tasks they want to master.

A person's identity is composed of all of the following EXCEPT their:

What is the term given by Erikson to the fifth stage of development, experienced during adolescence?

According to contemporary identity theorists, decisions ______ during the process of identity development.

By the age of 2 to 3 years, old children are aware of limitations on self- _____.For example, knowing what to play with and where to play.

How is commitment defined by Marcia?

Louise is 70 years old and has permanently lost sight in her right eye. Louise is adapting well to this loss with application of the three key factors described in selective ______ with compensation theory.

What defines identity achievement?

According to Erik Erikson, adolescents are faced with deciding who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life during the identity-versus-_____-confusion stage of development.

According to contemporary identity theory, identity development:

The enduring personal characteristics of individuals is referred to as:

Teresa has always tried to look at the cup as half full. She has made ______ her personal style of thinking.

Most researchers use ______ to refer to the period of identity development during which an adolescent chooses among meaningful alternatives.

What determines identity foreclosure?

The promotion of which two of the following in a family atmosphere are important for an adolescent's identity development?

Which of the following are among the major personality theories? (Choose every correct answer.)

Having a positive outlook on the future and minimizing problems is a definition of the term:

True or false: According to Levinson, adulthood has three main stages surrounded by transition periods.

According to Marcia, the period in identity development when individuals are exploring alternatives is called

Identity ______ refers to an individual who experienced a crisis and made a commitment.

Olivia is a 19-year-old college student who hopes to be a physician assistant in a large medical facility. She plans to be married and have two children by the time she turns 30. Levinson would call this

Who among the following is associated with The Seasons of a Man's Life?

According to Levinson, a person between the ages of 28 and 33 is faced with which of the following tasks?

According to Levinson, the twenties is the ______ phase of adult development.

Based on Levinson's work, which of the following is NOT a major conflict that an adult male must come to grips with during the transition to middle adulthood?

According to Levinson, which of the following ages most closely corresponds to the point in adulthood when a person enters the phase of Becoming One's Own Man (BOOM)?

The contemporary life-events approach claims that how a life event influences an individual's development depends not only on the event but also on which of the following?

What defines identity moratorium?

According to Erikson, when adults work to leave a legacy of themselves to the next generation, they are working toward

According to Levinson, how long does the transition to middle adulthood last?

_____ characteristics such as introversion or extroversion are present in most individuals and are stable throughout the life span.

"I am a good person" is a statement that refers to a person's self- _ (concept/esteem)."I am a good football player" is a statement that refers to a person's self- _ (concept/esteem).