Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT one of the highly studied aspects of the self?
Which of the following is NOT one of the highly studied aspects of the self?
- Self-identity
- Self-awareness
- Self-esteem
- Self-help (correct)
The developmental concept of self-_____ is defined as the child's cognitive representation of self.
The developmental concept of self-_____ is defined as the child's cognitive representation of self.
understanding
Being attentive and positive toward his or her image in a mirror is one way of an infant expressing
Being attentive and positive toward his or her image in a mirror is one way of an infant expressing
self-recognition
According to new research findings, young children are _____ (more/less) psychologically aware of themselves and others than once believed.
According to new research findings, young children are _____ (more/less) psychologically aware of themselves and others than once believed.
Which of the following are main characteristics of self-understanding in children? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are main characteristics of self-understanding in children? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following, often considered a central aspect of an individual's personality, lends an integrative dimension to our understanding of different personality characteristics?
Which of the following, often considered a central aspect of an individual's personality, lends an integrative dimension to our understanding of different personality characteristics?
Children's cognitive representations of themselves make up their:
Children's cognitive representations of themselves make up their:
Studying the self in infancy is difficult because infants cannot ______ express themselves.
Studying the self in infancy is difficult because infants cannot ______ express themselves.
At what age do children develop the ability to use psychological traits to describe themselves and others?
At what age do children develop the ability to use psychological traits to describe themselves and others?
Compared with what was previously thought, research now shows that young children are:
Compared with what was previously thought, research now shows that young children are:
Young children are overly ______ in their self-descriptions.
Young children are overly ______ in their self-descriptions.
According to research, Piaget's views on the egocentrism of infants are:
According to research, Piaget's views on the egocentrism of infants are:
When an adult fosters children's socioemotional growth, the adult is serving as a relational:
When an adult fosters children's socioemotional growth, the adult is serving as a relational:
Which child has most likely developed an attitude of skepticism due to an understanding that others do not always give true statements?
Which child has most likely developed an attitude of skepticism due to an understanding that others do not always give true statements?
Which of the following aspects of social understanding increases during middle and late childhood?
Which of the following aspects of social understanding increases during middle and late childhood?
Which of the following are characteristics that children younger than 5 or 6 years old would use when describing the differences between themselves and a friend? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are characteristics that children younger than 5 or 6 years old would use when describing the differences between themselves and a friend? (Select all that apply)
Which statements are true about the social sensitivity and/or egocentrism of young children? (Choose every correct answer.)
Which statements are true about the social sensitivity and/or egocentrism of young children? (Choose every correct answer.)
Which of the following are methods of helping a child develop social interaction and relationships? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are methods of helping a child develop social interaction and relationships? (Select all that apply)
At about 4 to 5 years, children begin to describe themselves using:
At about 4 to 5 years, children begin to describe themselves using:
During middle and late childhood, children's self-understanding becomes ______ complex.
During middle and late childhood, children's self-understanding becomes ______ complex.
Ten-year-old Karla describes herself as a 'cheerleader.' Which of the following changes in self-understanding does this best reflect?
Ten-year-old Karla describes herself as a 'cheerleader.' Which of the following changes in self-understanding does this best reflect?
Children use unrealistic positive overestimations because of which of the following? (Select all that apply)
Children use unrealistic positive overestimations because of which of the following? (Select all that apply)
What two executive functions are most called on when children engage in perspective taking?
What two executive functions are most called on when children engage in perspective taking?
The tendency to compare oneself with others ______ in adolescence.
The tendency to compare oneself with others ______ in adolescence.
As compared to younger children, children in middle to late childhood would be more likely to describe themselves as:
As compared to younger children, children in middle to late childhood would be more likely to describe themselves as:
Which of the following refers to what individuals might become, what they would like to become, and what they are afraid of becoming?
Which of the following refers to what individuals might become, what they would like to become, and what they are afraid of becoming?
What is defined as the ability to understand or be sympathetic to another person?
What is defined as the ability to understand or be sympathetic to another person?
When adolescents compare themselves with others, it is a part of their:
When adolescents compare themselves with others, it is a part of their:
Select the key changes that characterize the increased complexity in children's self-understanding. (Choose every correct answer.)
Select the key changes that characterize the increased complexity in children's self-understanding. (Choose every correct answer.)
"I am a good person" is a statement that refers to a person's self- _____ (concept/esteem)."I am a good football player" is a statement that refers to a person's self- _____ (concept/esteem).
"I am a good person" is a statement that refers to a person's self- _____ (concept/esteem)."I am a good football player" is a statement that refers to a person's self- _____ (concept/esteem).
Which of the following is NOT a quality that differentiates an adolescent's self-understanding from that of a child?
Which of the following is NOT a quality that differentiates an adolescent's self-understanding from that of a child?
Self-esteem is most related to which of the following?
Self-esteem is most related to which of the following?
Which of the following is true of correlational research?
Which of the following is true of correlational research?
Self- _____ gives individuals the ability to control their behavior without having to rely on others' help.
Self- _____ gives individuals the ability to control their behavior without having to rely on others' help.
Self-______ refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self.
Self-______ refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self.
In self-______, which emerges in late adolescence and emerging adulthood, self-understanding merges with the self and its many parts.
In self-______, which emerges in late adolescence and emerging adulthood, self-understanding merges with the self and its many parts.
Select all the consequences of low self-esteem in adolescence that may show in adulthood.
Select all the consequences of low self-esteem in adolescence that may show in adulthood.
Most of the research on self-esteem is:
Most of the research on self-esteem is:
By the age of 2 to 3 years old children are aware of limitations on self-.For example, knowing what to play with and where to play.
By the age of 2 to 3 years old children are aware of limitations on self-.For example, knowing what to play with and where to play.
Emmanuel often monitors his thoughts and behaviors throughout the day to ensure that he is being respectful and appropriate. Emmanuel is demonstrating:
Emmanuel often monitors his thoughts and behaviors throughout the day to ensure that he is being respectful and appropriate. Emmanuel is demonstrating:
Which theorist is most associated with selective optimization with compensation theory?
Which theorist is most associated with selective optimization with compensation theory?
The adolescent's self-understanding ______ across situations and across time.
The adolescent's self-understanding ______ across situations and across time.
Religious beliefs, political views, relationship status, personality, and sexual orientation are components of:
Religious beliefs, political views, relationship status, personality, and sexual orientation are components of:
What were the findings of a New Zealand study that assessed individuals' self-esteem during adolescence and their adjustment in adulthood (at age 26)?
What were the findings of a New Zealand study that assessed individuals' self-esteem during adolescence and their adjustment in adulthood (at age 26)?
Resisting temptation is an important aspect of a preschooler's:
Resisting temptation is an important aspect of a preschooler's:
Selective optimization with ______ theory states that older adults can produce new resources and allocate them effectively to the tasks they want to master.
Selective optimization with ______ theory states that older adults can produce new resources and allocate them effectively to the tasks they want to master.
A person's identity is composed of all of the following EXCEPT their:
A person's identity is composed of all of the following EXCEPT their:
What is the term given by Erikson to the fifth stage of development, experienced during adolescence?
What is the term given by Erikson to the fifth stage of development, experienced during adolescence?
According to contemporary identity theorists, decisions ______ during the process of identity development.
According to contemporary identity theorists, decisions ______ during the process of identity development.
By the age of 2 to 3 years, old children are aware of limitations on self- _____.For example, knowing what to play with and where to play.
By the age of 2 to 3 years, old children are aware of limitations on self- _____.For example, knowing what to play with and where to play.
How is commitment defined by Marcia?
How is commitment defined by Marcia?
Louise is 70 years old and has permanently lost sight in her right eye. Louise is adapting well to this loss with application of the three key factors described in selective ______ with compensation theory.
Louise is 70 years old and has permanently lost sight in her right eye. Louise is adapting well to this loss with application of the three key factors described in selective ______ with compensation theory.
What defines identity achievement?
What defines identity achievement?
According to Erik Erikson, adolescents are faced with deciding who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life during the identity-versus-_____-confusion stage of development.
According to Erik Erikson, adolescents are faced with deciding who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life during the identity-versus-_____-confusion stage of development.
According to contemporary identity theory, identity development:
According to contemporary identity theory, identity development:
The enduring personal characteristics of individuals is referred to as:
The enduring personal characteristics of individuals is referred to as:
Teresa has always tried to look at the cup as half full. She has made ______ her personal style of thinking.
Teresa has always tried to look at the cup as half full. She has made ______ her personal style of thinking.
Most researchers use ______ to refer to the period of identity development during which an adolescent chooses among meaningful alternatives.
Most researchers use ______ to refer to the period of identity development during which an adolescent chooses among meaningful alternatives.
What determines identity foreclosure?
What determines identity foreclosure?
The promotion of which two of the following in a family atmosphere are important for an adolescent's identity development?
The promotion of which two of the following in a family atmosphere are important for an adolescent's identity development?
Which of the following are among the major personality theories? (Choose every correct answer.)
Which of the following are among the major personality theories? (Choose every correct answer.)
Having a positive outlook on the future and minimizing problems is a definition of the term:
Having a positive outlook on the future and minimizing problems is a definition of the term:
True or false: According to Levinson, adulthood has three main stages surrounded by transition periods.
True or false: According to Levinson, adulthood has three main stages surrounded by transition periods.
According to Marcia, the period in identity development when individuals are exploring alternatives is called
According to Marcia, the period in identity development when individuals are exploring alternatives is called
Identity ______ refers to an individual who experienced a crisis and made a commitment.
Identity ______ refers to an individual who experienced a crisis and made a commitment.
Olivia is a 19-year-old college student who hopes to be a physician assistant in a large medical facility. She plans to be married and have two children by the time she turns 30. Levinson would call this
Olivia is a 19-year-old college student who hopes to be a physician assistant in a large medical facility. She plans to be married and have two children by the time she turns 30. Levinson would call this
Who among the following is associated with The Seasons of a Man's Life?
Who among the following is associated with The Seasons of a Man's Life?
According to Levinson, a person between the ages of 28 and 33 is faced with which of the following tasks?
According to Levinson, a person between the ages of 28 and 33 is faced with which of the following tasks?
According to Levinson, the twenties is the ______ phase of adult development.
According to Levinson, the twenties is the ______ phase of adult development.
Based on Levinson's work, which of the following is NOT a major conflict that an adult male must come to grips with during the transition to middle adulthood?
Based on Levinson's work, which of the following is NOT a major conflict that an adult male must come to grips with during the transition to middle adulthood?
According to Levinson, which of the following ages most closely corresponds to the point in adulthood when a person enters the phase of Becoming One's Own Man (BOOM)?
According to Levinson, which of the following ages most closely corresponds to the point in adulthood when a person enters the phase of Becoming One's Own Man (BOOM)?
The contemporary life-events approach claims that how a life event influences an individual's development depends not only on the event but also on which of the following?
The contemporary life-events approach claims that how a life event influences an individual's development depends not only on the event but also on which of the following?
What defines identity moratorium?
What defines identity moratorium?
According to Erikson, when adults work to leave a legacy of themselves to the next generation, they are working toward
According to Erikson, when adults work to leave a legacy of themselves to the next generation, they are working toward
According to Levinson, how long does the transition to middle adulthood last?
According to Levinson, how long does the transition to middle adulthood last?
_____ characteristics such as introversion or extroversion are present in most individuals and are stable throughout the life span.
_____ characteristics such as introversion or extroversion are present in most individuals and are stable throughout the life span.
Which of the following is NOT a belief attributed to the contemporary life-events approach?
Which of the following is NOT a belief attributed to the contemporary life-events approach?
Forty-year-old Maritska wishes to establish a pediatric AIDS foundation overseas. According to Erikson, she is focused on establishing a sense of
Forty-year-old Maritska wishes to establish a pediatric AIDS foundation overseas. According to Erikson, she is focused on establishing a sense of
A common finding is that the _____ (less/more) time between measurements of personality characteristics, the more stability they show.
A common finding is that the _____ (less/more) time between measurements of personality characteristics, the more stability they show.
According to Erikson, what causes people to feel stagnation in life?
According to Erikson, what causes people to feel stagnation in life?
Tony has recently experienced the death of his wife in a hit-and-run car accident. He has a very close network of friends and family who are there to support him. What would the contemporary life-events approach say about Tony and his experience?
Tony has recently experienced the death of his wife in a hit-and-run car accident. He has a very close network of friends and family who are there to support him. What would the contemporary life-events approach say about Tony and his experience?
Study Notes
Self and Development
- Self-help is not a highly studied aspect of self-development.
- Self-understanding refers to a child's cognitive representation of self and encompasses their self-conceptions.
- Infants express self-recognition by showing positive attention to their image in a mirror.
Psychological Awareness
- Recent research indicates that young children possess more psychological awareness of themselves and others than previously believed.
- Children aged 4-5 begin using psychological traits for self-description.
Characteristics of Self-Understanding in Children
- Active descriptions, confusion of self, mind, and body, and unrealistic positive overestimations characterize self-understanding.
- Children's self-understanding is a reflection of their cognitive representations of themselves.
Communication and Expression
- Studying self-concept in infants is challenging due to their inability to express themselves verbally.
- Young children tend to be overly optimistic in self-descriptions and often struggle to differentiate between ideal and real selves.
Developmental Theories
- Piaget's theories on infant egocentrism may be overstated, showing children as being more socially aware than once thought.
- An adult can enhance children's socioemotional growth by serving as a relational catalyst, refining their self-conceptions.
Social Understanding
- Social understanding evolves, with children in middle to late childhood increasing in perspective-taking abilities.
- Young children primarily describe themselves using physical characteristics such as hair color and height.
Emotional and Social Skills
- Talking about internal states helps improve young children's social sensitivity and perceptiveness.
- Approaches to develop social interaction include acknowledging shared intentions, discussing emotions, and praising accomplishments.
Identity Development
- Adolescents navigate identity development through crises and commitments, experiencing fluctuations in self-understanding.
- Erikson's fifth stage, "Identity versus Identity Confusion," focuses on adolescents determining their identity and direction in life.
Theories of Personality and Self
- Personality characteristics are stable over time, while self-concept includes domain-specific evaluations.
- Self-esteem is closely linked to happiness, and low self-esteem in adolescence can lead to negative adulthood outcomes.
Life-Stage Theories
- Levinson conceptualizes adulthood as involving transitions, with specific tasks correlating to age milestones.
- Selective optimization with compensation theory suggests older adults can optimize resources and adapt effectively to challenges.
Commitment and Identity
- Identity achievement occurs with both a crisis and a commitment. In contrast, identity moratorium represents a crisis without commitment.
- Generativity in adulthood refers to striving to leave a legacy for future generations, a key focus for adults in Erikson's theory.
Coping and Resilience
- Contemporary life-events approaches emphasize that life event impacts depend on individual adaptation and support systems.
- Positive coping strategies and social support greatly influence recovery and emotional resilience following significant life events.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts from Chapter 11 of the Smart Book related to aspects of the self. This quiz covers definitions and crucial terms that are essential in understanding self-concept and self-representation in developmental psychology. Prepare to enhance your grasp of psychological principles regarding the self.
