Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a major disadvantage of survey methods?
What is a major disadvantage of survey methods?
- They are always expensive
- Respondents may be unable or unwilling to provide information (correct)
- They require face-to-face interaction
- They can only be conducted online
What is a key consideration when specifying the information needed for a questionnaire?
What is a key consideration when specifying the information needed for a questionnaire?
- The time of year the survey is conducted
- The budget allocated for the survey
- Characteristics of the target participants (correct)
- The physical location of respondents
Which interviewing method is described as having a varied format?
Which interviewing method is described as having a varied format?
- Online/postal surveys
- Face-to-face interviews
- Telephone interviews (correct)
- None of the above
Which type of data collection involves a high degree of standardization?
Which type of data collection involves a high degree of standardization?
What makes face-to-face interviews different from other types?
What makes face-to-face interviews different from other types?
What classifies research as either direct or indirect?
What classifies research as either direct or indirect?
What is one key advantage of using fixed response questions in surveys?
What is one key advantage of using fixed response questions in surveys?
In the context of survey methods, what makes it harder to get consistent results?
In the context of survey methods, what makes it harder to get consistent results?
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of survey methods?
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of survey methods?
In a survey with fixed-alternative questions, what does the scale of 1 to 5 represent?
In a survey with fixed-alternative questions, what does the scale of 1 to 5 represent?
What is the most critical and difficult task in choosing question wording?
What is the most critical and difficult task in choosing question wording?
Why should the vocabulary levels of respondents be matched when choosing words?
Why should the vocabulary levels of respondents be matched when choosing words?
Which is an example of an incorrect way to word the frequency of an event?
Which is an example of an incorrect way to word the frequency of an event?
What element is missing in terms of the W's when defining the issue?
What element is missing in terms of the W's when defining the issue?
What is a potential consequence if questions are not clearly defined?
What is a potential consequence if questions are not clearly defined?
What is a suggested method for increasing the willingness of respondents to answer sensitive questions?
What is a suggested method for increasing the willingness of respondents to answer sensitive questions?
Which of the following is NOT listed as a method to increase respondents' willingness to disclose sensitive information?
Which of the following is NOT listed as a method to increase respondents' willingness to disclose sensitive information?
How should a researcher justify the need for sensitive data to respondents?
How should a researcher justify the need for sensitive data to respondents?
Which type of question structure allows respondents to answer in their own words?
Which type of question structure allows respondents to answer in their own words?
In a structured question format, what does a dichotomous question look like?
In a structured question format, what does a dichotomous question look like?
Which of the following questions is an example of a leading and biasing question?
Which of the following questions is an example of a leading and biasing question?
What type of question should be avoided to prevent generalizations?
What type of question should be avoided to prevent generalizations?
Which statement correctly describes how questions should be worded according to the dual statement strategy?
Which statement correctly describes how questions should be worded according to the dual statement strategy?
What characteristic makes the question 'Do you think Americans should buy imported automobiles when that would put American labor out of work?' leading and biasing?
What characteristic makes the question 'Do you think Americans should buy imported automobiles when that would put American labor out of work?' leading and biasing?
Which of the following is the correct approach to avoid leading and biasing questions?
Which of the following is the correct approach to avoid leading and biasing questions?
What is the purpose of duplicating questions in a survey?
What is the purpose of duplicating questions in a survey?
Why should double-barreled questions be avoided in surveys?
Why should double-barreled questions be avoided in surveys?
How can a survey reduce participant unwillingness to provide information?
How can a survey reduce participant unwillingness to provide information?
Which question is an example of a double-barreled question?
Which question is an example of a double-barreled question?
What should be done if a participant is unable to articulate their response?
What should be done if a participant is unable to articulate their response?
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Study Notes
Survey Methods
- A structured questionnaire is used to elicit specific information from a sample of the population.
- Data collection is structured, with a formal questionnaire that presents questions in a prearranged order.
- Research can be classified as direct or indirect based on whether the respondents know the true purpose or not.
Advantages of Survey Methods
- Surveys are simple to administer.
- Data obtained is reliable because responses are limited to predetermined alternatives.
- Fixed response questions reduce variability in results.
- Coding and analysis of data are relatively simple.
Avoiding Leading or Biasing Questions
- Avoid using leading or biasing questions that influence respondents' answers.
- Examples of leading questions include "Do you think Americans should buy imported automobiles when that would put American labor out of work?"
- Instead, use neutral questions like "Do you think Americans should buy imported mobiles?"
Avoiding Generalizations and Estimates
- Avoid asking general questions that require estimates or generalizations.
- Instead, ask specific questions that provide clear data.
Choosing Question Wording
- Use dual statements to word questions both positively and negatively.
- Avoid using words that may be perceived as negative or leading.
Sensitive Questions
- Sensitive questions may lead to unwillingness to disclose information due to prestige or social image.
- Solution: explain the legitimate purpose of the data and ensure respondents understand the importance of providing accurate information.
- Other techniques to overcome sensitivity include:
- Asking sensitive questions at the end of the survey.
- Using third-person phrasing (e.g., "other people").
- Hiding specific questions in a group of questions.
- Providing categories instead of asking specific figures.
Question Structure
- Unstructured questions are open-ended and allow respondents to answer in their own words.
- Structured questions provide multiple-choice options, such as dichotomous (yes/no) or scale-based questions.
Disadvantages of Survey Methods
- Respondents may be unable or unwilling to provide information due to sensitivity or personal reasons.
- Wordings can be difficult to craft, leading to potential biases.
Questionnaire Design Process
- Step 1: Specify the information needed, including research questions, hypotheses, and target participants.
- Step 2: Specify the type of interviewing methods, such as online/postal surveys, face-to-face interviews, or telephone interviews.
- Step 3: Determine the content of individual questions, ensuring they are necessary and provide useful information.
- Step 4: Overcome participants' inability and unwillingness to provide information by:
- Reducing the effort required to respond.
- Providing alternative answers or descriptions.
- Avoiding assumptions about respondents' willingness to provide information.
- Step 6: Choose clear and concise question wording, ensuring:
- Questions are clearly defined and address the research issue.
- The used words match the vocabulary levels of the respondents.
- Graphical or visual support is provided when necessary.
- Unambiguous words are used to convey the intended meaning.
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