Research Methods in Psychology-II: Week 2 Survey
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Questions and Answers

What type of research method are surveys classified as?

  • Descriptive or correlational research method (correct)
  • Longitudinal research method
  • Experimental research method
  • Qualitative research method

    • Which problem can arise due to a low response rate in surveys?

  • Interviewer bias
  • Fieldwork bias
  • Sampling error
  • Response rate bias (correct)

    • What is an example of a global goal when using surveys?

  • Understanding local eating habits
  • Assessing the demographic information of students
  • Surveying faculty members about housing construction
  • Examining the relationship between happiness and wealth (correct)

    • What is the consequence of interviewer bias?

    <p>Distortion of judgement in the interview process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Surveys are often used to gather information about which of the following?

    <p>Feelings, thoughts, and beliefs about a subject</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic makes surveys appealing for researchers?

    <p>They are low cost and easy to use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bias might occur if only certain demographic groups respond to a survey?

    <p>Selection bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to deceptive results in survey research?

    <p>Response rate bias or questionnaire suspicion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the list from which a sample is drawn?

    <p>Sampling frame</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sampling method involves randomly selecting entire groups rather than individuals?

    <p>Cluster Sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In probability sampling, what can researchers specify?

    <p>The probability of each element being included</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of nonprobability sampling?

    <p>Purposive Sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final group of elements selected from the sampling frame called?

    <p>Sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sampling technique requires that every element has an equal chance of being selected?

    <p>Simple Random Sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are subjects selected in systematic sampling?

    <p>At fixed intervals from a sorted list</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cluster sampling with 10 blocks in a dormitory, how many blocks are randomly selected for the study?

    <p>2 blocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes stratified sampling from cluster sampling?

    <p>In stratified sampling, strata are chosen to represent different characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a proportional stratified sample from a population consisting of 30% freshmen, 30% sophomores, 20% juniors, and 20% seniors for a total of 200 students, how many seniors would be included?

    <p>40</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the sampling interval determined in systematic sampling?

    <p>It is calculated by dividing the population size by the desired sample size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the characteristics of nonprobability sampling?

    <p>It does not guarantee equal representation from the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method would likely result in a disproportional stratified sample?

    <p>Drawing equal-sized samples from each class year regardless of their population proportion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario best illustrates nonprobability sampling?

    <p>Interviewing the first 30 students who enter a library.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between equal-sized samples and proportional samples in stratified sampling?

    <p>Proportional samples reflect the actual makeup of the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of systematic sampling?

    <p>It involves random selection based on a fixed interval after a random start.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for convenience sampling?

    <p>Accidental sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines purposive sampling?

    <p>Participants are selected based on specific criteria or knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes quota sampling?

    <p>Participants are chosen based on fixed quotas related to specific traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might some students have no chance of being included in a sample at a library?

    <p>They might be engaged in activities outside the library.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of convenience sampling?

    <p>It gathers participants who are willing to participate regardless of criteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential drawback of using convenience sampling?

    <p>It can lead to biased results due to lack of diversity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In purposive sampling, how are participants usually treated?

    <p>Participants who do not fit the profile are excluded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of convenience sampling?

    <p>Surveying students in a specific classroom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes snowball sampling?

    <p>It relies on initial contacts to identify further cases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of cross-sectional survey designs?

    <p>They provide a snapshot of a population at a specific time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when an initial case in snowball sampling identifies new cases?

    <p>New cases are subsequently asked to identify further participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary advantage of using cross-sectional designs in survey research?

    <p>Cost-effectiveness and time efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of longitudinal survey designs?

    <p>They provide a snapshot of a population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation is snowball sampling particularly useful?

    <p>When studying rare or hidden populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which survey research design allows for multiple independent samples over time?

    <p>Successive independent samples design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of using sampling based on known percentages of characteristics in a population?

    <p>It cannot account for changing population dynamics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What inference can be made from the longitudinal design concerning behavioral disorders among children?

    <p>Behavioral disorders increased among all age groups observed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key limitation of the successive independent samples design?

    <p>It may involve samples that are not comparable to each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes the cohort sequential samples design from other designs?

    <p>It allows for comparisons of cohorts and age effects simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of measuring aggressive behavior, what effect did the pandemic in 2020 have?

    <p>Aggressive behavior increased among children who stayed home.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the cohort effect in research?

    <p>Variations linked specifically to the aging process of individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one advantage of using a cohort sequential samples design compared to a longitudinal design?

    <p>It is less time-consuming due to a shorter follow-up period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might researchers be concerned about the representativeness of samples in successive independent samples design?

    <p>Sample characteristics can bias the results significantly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data can researchers NOT obtain from a successive independent samples design?

    <p>Changes in individual behaviors over multiple measurements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Research Methods in Psychology-II: Week 2- Survey

    • Surveys gather information about demographics (age, gender, income, marital status), feelings, thoughts, attitudes, beliefs, past behaviors, and future plans.
    • Observing behavior is different from asking about thoughts and feelings. Observe behavior, ask about thoughts.
    • Surveys are used for descriptive or correlational research.
    • Surveys can have local or global goals; examples include university faculty member surveys for housing construction (local) or examining happiness and wealth (global).
    • Surveys are easy to use and low cost.
    • Surveys can assess knowledge and attitudes (e.g., toward menopause in women aged 40-45).
    • Surveys can evaluate relationships between psychosocial factors and health behaviors (e.g., menopause).
    • Potential biases in surveys include response rate bias and interviewer bias.

    Survey Methods

    • Mail Surveys: Quick, convenient for sensitive topics (preserving anonymity), but have printing and distribution costs, and can have response rate bias.
    • Personal Interviews: More controlled; researchers have more control over how the survey is administered and can clarify unclear questions, but are high cost and interviewer bias can occur.
    • Telephone Interviews: Suitable for brief surveys and for accessing difficult neighborhoods, but response rate bias and interviewer bias can occur and are only available during evening hours.
    • Internet Surveys: Cost-effective for potentially diverse and large populations, but have potential for underrepresentation, lack of control over the research environment and unclear questions that can't be interfered with.

    Selection Bias

    • Selection bias occurs when there are differences between those who choose to participate in a study and those who do not. This can distort data and lead to less reliable research outcomes.
    • Example: Researching career preferences of final-year students. If only female students volunteer, the results are biased.
    • Example: Survey on opinions of women over 60 about menopausal symptoms. If only those who underwent surgical menopause respond, the results are biased towards negative attitudes and likely underestimate the real opinions.

    Sampling in Survey Research

    • Population: All cases of interest.
    • Sampling Frame: A specific list of members in the population.
    • Sample: A subset of the population drawn from the sampling frame.
    • Element: Each member of the population.
    • Sampling Methods:
      • Probability Sampling: Each population member has a known probability of being selected.
        • Simple Random Sampling: Every member has an equal chance.
        • Systematic Sampling: Selecting members according to a fixed interval.
        • Stratified Sampling: Dividing the population into strata (groups) and selecting a sample from each.
        • Cluster Sampling: Dividing the population into clusters and selecting clusters at random.
      • Nonprobability Sampling: The probability of selecting a member is unknown.
        • Convenience Sampling: Selecting individuals readily available.
        • Purposive Sampling: Selecting participants based on the purpose of the study.
        • Quota Sampling: Selecting participants according to pre-defined quotas (percentages).
        • Snowball Sampling: Participants recommend other participants.

    Survey Research Designs

    • Cross-Sectional Design: One or more samples from the population are drawn simultaneously (at the same time). Useful for describing and predicting and is quick, inexpensive, but limited in understanding change over time. Subject to Cohort effects.
    • Longitudinal Design: The same respondents are surveyed over time, observing individual changes. Useful for understanding change over time, but is time-consuming and can be expensive. Subject to Period Effects
    • Successive Independent Samples Design: Different samples of respondents are surveyed over time. Useful for detecting changes in a population over time, but cannot track individual change, also Subject to Period Effects.
    • Cohort-Sequential Design: Repeated measurements of independent age cohorts, observing changes over time, Useful for understanding age effects, cohort effects, and period effects separately, and is less costly than a full longitudinal design.

    Bias in Survey Research Designs

    • Cohort Effect: Differences in the characteristics of different age generations can influence research findings. Important in cross-sectional research.
    • Period Effect: External factors (war, famine, crisis) can affect outcomes for all age groups at a given time, masking age-related effects. Important in both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies.
    • Attrition: Loss of participants over time in longitudinal studies, often leading to samples that no longer represent the original population.
    • Response Rate Bias: Low response rates can significantly affect the representativeness of the sample.
    • Interviewer Bias: Interviewer's expectations/opinions can influence the participant, affecting the results in personal or telephone interviews.

    Summary of Survey Research Designs

    • Each design has advantages and disadvantages. Careful consideration of the appropriate design, along with potential biases, is crucial for a valid and reliable study.
    • The choice of design depends on the research question, resources, and practical constraints.
    • The next week's topic is scales.

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    Research Methods in Psychology-II. Week 2. Survey PDF

    Description

    Explore the principles of survey methods in psychology, including their purpose, types, and biases. This quiz will test your understanding of how surveys gather valuable demographic and behavioral information for research. Learn about the local and global implications of survey data and the potential pitfalls in their administration.

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