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What does a psychologist with a biological perspective study?
How human behavior is influenced by brain chemistry.
Match the following brain regions with their functions:
Motor Cortex = Frontal Lobe Somatosensory Cortex = Parietal Lobe Hypothalamus = Sex Hippocampus = Memory
The brain consumes approximately 30% of the body's oxygen.
False
What happens in a double-blind procedure?
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What is the role of an agonist in neurotransmitter activity?
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The long, singular fiber leaving the cell body is called the dendrite.
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What do sociocultural and behavioral perspectives focus on?
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What was Dr. Green's method for developing a hypothesis about violent crimes?
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How many nerve cells (neurons) are estimated to be in the human brain?
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Low levels of the neurotransmitter testosterone are associated with Parkinson's disease.
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What is the primary interest of psychologists using the sociocultural perspective?
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Match the following terms in classical conditioning:
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Negative reinforcement decreases behavior by removing an aversive stimulus.
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What does generalization illustrate in classical conditioning?
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Positive punishment increases disobedience.
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What does the Yerkes-Dodson law relate to?
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What is classical conditioning often referred to as?
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Study Notes
Biological Perspective
- Psychologists from this perspective are interested in how brain chemistry affects behavior.
Brain Structures
- The frontal lobe contains the motor cortex, which controls voluntary movements.
- The parietal lobe contains the somatosensory cortex, which processes sensory information from the body.
- The brain uses about 25% of the body's oxygen.
Positive Relationships
- If two variables increase together there is a positive relationship.
- For example, as income increases, education level increases.
Double-Blind Procedures
- This type of procedure is helpful when testing drugs.
- Neither the researchers nor the participants know who is receiving the drug or the placebo.
Neurotransmitters
- Agonists enhance the activity of neurotransmitters.
- Antagonists block or decrease the activity of neurotransmitters.
Neuron Structure
- The axon is a long, singular fiber that transmits signals from the cell body.
Sociocultural and Behavioral Perspectives
- Sociocultural and behavioral perspectives explain behavior by looking at external factors.
Case Study
- A case study is an in-depth study of a single individual or group.
- For example, a study of a town with a high rate of violent crime could be used to develop hypotheses about the causes of violent crime.
Naturalistic Observation
- Naturalistic observation involves observing behavior in its natural setting.
- Participatory observation is similar, but the observer becomes part of the group being studied.
Neuron Numbers
- The human brain has approximately 100 billion neurons.
Neurotransmitter and Disease
- Low levels of dopamine are associated with Parkinson's disease.
Sociocultural Perspective
- Psychologists from this perspective might investigate why Canada and the U.S. have different rates of violent crime, despite having similar gun ownership rates.
Agonistic and Antagonistic Effects
- Black widow spider venom acts as an agonist for acetylcholine.
- Anti-anxiety drugs act as agonists for GABA.
Cognitive Perspective
- Psychologists from this perspective are interested in how we think and reason.
Psychology Definition
- Psychology is the study of mental and behavioral processes.
Research Methods
- Experimental techniques are used to determine cause-and-effect relationships.
- Correlational techniques are used to predict events.
Brain Structures
- Hypothalamus influences sex drive.
- Hippocampus is critical for memory.
fMRI vs. PET Scans
- fMRIs are preferred over PET scans because they are less invasive and produce sharper images.
Communication Within and Between Neurons
- Communication within neurons is electrical.
- Communication between neurons is chemical.
Fixed-Ratio Reinforcement Schedule
- This schedule reinforces behavior after a fixed number of responses.
- Example: Being paid commission for selling a certain number of boxes.
Latent Learning
- This is learning that occurs without reinforcement and is not readily apparent until there is a reason to demonstrate it.
- Example: Rats in a maze might learn the maze layout without being reinforced for doing so, then display that learning once they are offered a reward.
Classical Conditioning
- This type of learning involves associating a neutral stimulus with a naturally occurring stimulus.
- It is also known as Pavlovian conditioning.
Negative Reinforcement
- This type of reinforcement increases a behavior by removing an aversive stimulus.
Generalization
- This is the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus.
- Example: Being afraid of all dogs after being bitten by a German Shepherd.
Classical Conditioning Terminology
- Unconditioned Response (UCR): A natural response to a stimulus.
- Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): A stimulus that naturally triggers a response.
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response after being paired with the UCS.
- Conditioned Response (CR): The learned response to the CS.
Reflex
- A reflex is an involuntary response to a stimulus.
- Example: Jumping in response to a loud noise.
Positive Punishment
- Positive punishment involves presenting an aversive stimulus to decrease a behavior.
- Example: Spanking a child for disobedience.
Classical Conditioning Terminology
- CS (conditioned stimulus): White rat
- UCS (unconditioned stimulus): Loud noise
Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery
- Spontaneous Recovery: The reappearance of a previously extinguished CR.
- Extinction: The disappearance of the CR when the CS is presented repeatedly without the UCS.
Cognitive Psychologists
- These psychologists are interested in how we encode information.
Reinforcers
- Primary reinforcers are naturally rewarding, such as food and water.
- Secondary reinforcers are learned to be rewarding, such as money and praise.
Modeling and Observational Learning
- Albert Bandura - Known for his work on observational learning.
- Bobo Doll Experiment: - Demonstrated that children learn aggressive behavior by observing others.
- Modeling: Learning by observing and imitating others.
Yerkes-Dodson Law
- This law states that performance increases with arousal up to a point, after which performance decreases.
- This law is related to arousal theory, which states that motivation is influenced by our drive to reach an optimal level of arousal.
Discovery of Classical Conditioning
- Pavlov discovered classical conditioning while studying digestive processes in dogs.
Media Violence Effects
- Research on media violence shows that exposure to violence can increase the likelihood of aggressive behavior, especially in young children and adolescents.
- The effects of media violence can be both immediate and long-term.
Secondary Reinforcers
- Gold Stars can be used as secondary reinforcers to motivate children to behave well.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the biological perspective in psychology, focusing on brain structures, neurotransmitters, and research methods. This quiz covers key concepts related to how biological factors influence behavior and the methods used in psychological research.
