Biological Basis of Behavior Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the amygdala?

  • Control of voluntary movement
  • Balance and coordination
  • Language processing
  • Emotional responses (correct)

In which part of the brain is the Broca's area located?

  • Occipital lobe
  • Parietal lobe
  • Frontal lobe (correct)
  • Temporal lobe

Which of the following statements about action potentials is TRUE?

  • They only occur if the resting potential is positive.
  • Action potentials do not involve ion movement.
  • They are independent of the sodium-potassium pump.
  • Ions involved in depolarization include sodium and potassium. (correct)

What is the function of the thalamus?

<p>Processing sensory information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between selective attention and change blindness?

<p>Change blindness occurs when significant changes go unnoticed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is most commonly associated with depression?

<p>Serotonin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

<p>Intrusive thoughts accompanied by compulsive behaviors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hippocampus in memory?

<p>It consolidates new memories. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary difference between Bipolar I and Bipolar II disorders?

<p>Bipolar I requires at least one manic episode, while Bipolar II requires major depressive episodes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the brain is primarily involved in the processing of traumatic memories and the regulation of stress responses?

<p>Amygdala (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of methylation in epigenetics?

<p>It involves adding a methyl group to regulate gene expression. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors significantly influence resilience in the context of trauma?

<p>Social support and individual coping strategies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significant difference between positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia?

<p>Positive symptoms include hallucinations and delusions, while negative symptoms include decreased emotional expression. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cognitive reappraisal?

<p>Changing one's emotional response by reinterpreting the meaning of a stimulus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of evolutionary psychology, what does Hamilton’s Rule address?

<p>The likelihood that an individual will help relatives to ensure the passing of shared genes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the HPA-Axis primarily regulate in response to stress?

<p>The release of stress hormones like cortisol. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Transduction

The process in which a sensory receptor converts physical energy into a neural signal.

Synapse

The biological basis of communication between neurons.

Cerebellum

The part of the brain responsible for processing and coordinating movement, balance, and motor skills.

Limbic System

A group of brain structures involved in emotion, memory, motivation, and learning.

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Memory Consolidation

The process of transferring information from short-term memory to long-term memory.

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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

A type of anxiety disorder characterized by intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions) to reduce anxiety.

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A type of anxiety disorder characterized by excessive worry and anxiety about a range of situations or events.

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Psychotic Disorder

A type of mental disorder marked by disturbances in thought, perception, and behavior.

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Unipolar vs Bipolar Depression

Unipolar depression involves experiencing only depressive episodes, while bipolar disorder is characterized by alternating between manic or hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes.

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Bipolar I vs Bipolar II

Bipolar I disorder involves at least one manic episode, while Bipolar II disorder involves at least one hypomanic episode and at least one major depressive episode.

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Hallucinations vs. Delusions

Hallucinations are false perceptions that don't have a real basis in reality, while delusions are false beliefs that persist despite evidence to the contrary.

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Positive vs. Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia

Positive symptoms are additions to normal behavior, like hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized speech. Negative symptoms are a reduction in normal behavior, like apathy, social withdrawal, and lack of motivation.

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Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia

The dopamine hypothesis suggests that an excess of dopamine in certain areas of the brain is responsible for the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

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HPA-Axis & Brain Regions in Stress Response

The HPA-axis (Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis) is a complex system that regulates stress response in the body. The amygdala detects threat, the hippocampus remembers past threats, the prefrontal cortex regulates emotional response, and the posterior cingulate cortex contributes to awareness and attention.

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DSM Definition of Trauma

Trauma (according to the DSM) is a negative personal experience that involves exposure to a traumatic event, with significant distress, emotional reactions, and behavioral changes.

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Major Symptoms of PTSD

The most common symptoms of PTSD include intrusive memories, nightmares, avoidance, negative thoughts and feelings, and hyperarousal. These symptoms can significantly affect a person's ability to function.

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Study Notes

Biological Basis of Behavior

  • Neurons have dendrites, axons, and synaptic terminals.
  • Synaptic communication is the process of transmission between neurons.
  • Action potentials involve depolarization, ions, and maintaining resting potential via the sodium-potassium pump.
  • Threshold determines if an action potential is triggered.
  • GABA is inhibitory, glutamate is excitatory.
  • Central and peripheral nervous systems exist.
  • Brain lobes and their functions are key, including language areas (Broca and Wernicke's) and aphasias.
  • Corpus callosum in the brain, and results from split-brain experiments.
  • The limbic system, with structures like the amygdala and hippocampus, has primary functions.
  • The thalamus and hypothalamus have important roles.
  • The hindbrain (cerebellum, pons, medulla, reticular formation), midbrain, and their functions.
  • Sensation and perception involve transduction.
  • Sensory systems have specific cell types and transduce various energy types (e.g. sound waves).
  • Visual system's structure (cones, rods) and function are involved in perception.
  • Hyperpolarization is important for visual perception, and is an exception to normal synaptic communication.
  • Top-down vs. bottom-up and Gestalt processing.
  • The auditory system and the olfactory system described.

Sensation and Perception

  • Sensation and perception are defined.
  • Sensory systems involve transduction of various types of energy into neural signals.
  • The visual system has specialized cells (cones and rods).
  • Visual perception involves complex processes.
  • The auditory system, involving balance-related functions.
  • The olfactory system has receptors for individual smells, and connects directly to the limbic system.

Memory and Attention

  • Memory functions (encoding, consolidating, retrieving) are explained, with LTP and sleep playing a role in consolidation.
  • The amygdala is involved in certain memory processes.
  • The hippocampus is critical for memory.

Abnormal Psychology

  • Disorders are identified based on symptoms.
  • Anxiety, OCD, depressive and psychotic disorders have primary features.
  • Specific diagnostic features of various disorders are described, with a focus on biological factors.
  • The role of HPA-axis and neural structures (amygdala, hippocampus, PFC, PCC) in trauma and resilience.
  • Trauma is defined and DSM criteria for PTSD are presented.
  • PTSD is discussed with specific symptoms and biological influences.
  • Brain network functions are detailed, with respect to PTSD.
  • Epigenetics and methylation in trauma are discussed.

Evolutionary Psychology

  • Evolutionary psychology concepts with focus on sexual selection, and related concepts.
  • Natural selection vs sexual selection is presented, with discussion of various concepts.
  • Intrasexual/intersexual competition, kin selection, reciprocal altruism are explained.
  • Biological purpose of emotions are explained.
  • Human mating strategies in terms of evolutionary psychology is discussed.

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