Biological Psychology Overview
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Questions and Answers

What role does neuropeptide Y play in neurotransmitter action?

  • It increases appetite and affects circadian rhythm. (correct)
  • It exclusively reduces pain perception.
  • It has no identifiable role in neurotransmitter action.
  • It enhances food intake but suppresses attention.

Which neurotransmitter is primarily regulated during stress responses?

  • Substance P
  • Endorphins
  • Oxytocin
  • Corticotropin (correct)

What are the effects induced by endocannabinoids?

  • They are only involved in dopamine regulation.
  • They are exclusively related to emotional responses.
  • They primarily reduce appetite and increase anxiety.
  • They induce analgesia, hypothermia, and increased locomotor activity. (correct)

Which of the following is NOT classified as a neuropeptide?

<p>Dopamine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the functions of oxytocin in the body?

<p>Facilitation of pair bonding. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cerebellum?

<p>Coordinating movement and adapting to changes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily associated with auditory function?

<p>Inferior colliculi (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the myelencephalon?

<p>Carrying signals between the brain and body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nuclei are found within the tegmentum?

<p>Red nucleus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key role of vasopressin?

<p>Influencing social behavior and bonding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinct areas comprise the diencephalon?

<p>Hypothalamus, epithalamus, and pituitary gland (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the substantia nigra?

<p>Involvement in reward and addiction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of sex chromosomes do females have?

<p>One pair: XX (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens at fertilization regarding chromosomes?

<p>Chromosomes from egg and sperm recombine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function does dopamine mainly influence?

<p>Reward-driven learning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily regulated by the reticular formation?

<p>Consciousness and attention (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function is associated with the superior colliculi?

<p>Visual processing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor influencing brain size in evolution?

<p>Increased body size (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is considered the most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS?

<p>Glutamate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the increase in human brain size during evolution is accurate?

<p>Most increase has been in the cerebrum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of synapse involves the connection of the axon terminal buttons on the dendrites of another neuron?

<p>Axodendritic synapse (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the cells of the Substantia Nigra die?

<p>Reduced dopamine production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the relationship between brain size and intelligence?

<p>There is no relationship between brain size and intelligence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of chromosomes is shared by normal sperm and egg cells?

<p>Both include 22 autosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS?

<p>GABA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of norepinephrine in the body?

<p>Support fight-or-flight response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior is not directly influenced by genetics according to evolutionary principles?

<p>Ability to learn new skills (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of synapse allows for transmission in either direction between connected dendrites?

<p>Dendrodendritic synapse (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT typically associated with dopamine problems?

<p>Chronic pain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in relation to the brain?

<p>It supports and cushions the brain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of meningitis is typically less severe and more common?

<p>Viral meningitis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of meningiomas?

<p>Vision problems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is bacterial meningitis primarily treated?

<p>With antibiotics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hematoma occurs from the tearing of the meningeal artery?

<p>Epidural hematoma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What diagnostic procedure helps identify infection in cases of suspected meningitis?

<p>Spinal tap (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is typically done to relieve pressure from hematomas?

<p>Removing blood or blood clots (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding meningiomas?

<p>They can cause paralysis or muscle weakness. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily responsible for emotional associations?

<p>Amygdala (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the thalamus?

<p>Relay center for sensory and motor signals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What division of the brain is responsible for voluntary motor control and learning?

<p>Basal ganglia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for auditory perception?

<p>Temporal lobe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the meninges is the tough outer membrane?

<p>Dura mater (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the limbic system is essential for the formation of long-term memories?

<p>Hippocampus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the hypothalamus play in the brain?

<p>Regulation of emotions and motivated behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the basal ganglia is involved in the regulation of movement?

<p>Putamen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The structure referred to as the 'pacemaker' for the basal ganglia is the?

<p>Subthalamus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the cerebral cortex is primarily responsible for visual processing?

<p>Occipital lobe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pia Mater

The delicate innermost membrane that tightly covers the surface of the central nervous system (CNS).

Dura Mater

The tough outermost layer of the meninges, located between the skull and the arachnoid mater.

Arachnoid Mater

The middle layer of the meninges, a spiderweb-like membrane between the dura mater and the pia mater.

Meninges

The outermost layer of the meninges that covers the brain and spinal cord.

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Meningioma

A tumor that grows outside of the brain, but can put pressure on the brain tissue as it grows inside the skull.

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Hematomas

A collection of blood that pools outside of blood vessels, often as a result of hemorrhage.

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Meningitis

An infection of the meninges, often caused by bacteria or viruses.

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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A clear, colorless fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, providing support and cushioning.

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Myelencephalon (Medulla Oblongata)

The most posterior division of the brain, responsible for vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.

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Reticular Formation

A complex network of nuclei in the brainstem that regulates arousal, sleep-wake cycles, and attention.

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Cerebellum

A large, convoluted structure on the brainstem's dorsal surface, essential for coordinating movement, balance, and motor learning.

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Mesencephalon

The midbrain, which contains structures involved in auditory and visual processing, as well as movement and pain regulation.

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Tectum (Corpora Quadrigemina)

The roof of the midbrain, composed of the inferior colliculi (auditory function) and the superior colliculi (visual function).

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Tegmentum

The floor of the midbrain, containing structures involved in movement, pain perception, and reward systems.

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Thalamus

A part of the forebrain that serves as a relay center for sensory information and regulates consciousness and sleep.

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Hypothalamus

A part of the forebrain involved in regulating vital functions such as hunger, thirst, body temperature, and hormone release.

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Subthalamus

A small lens-shaped nucleus in the forebrain that acts as a pacemaker for the basal ganglia, which controls movement.

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Epithalamus

A structure in the brain that acts as a connector between the limbic system and other parts of the brain. It is also involved in regulating sleep and wake cycles.

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Pituitary Gland

A pea-sized structure in the brain that regulates homeostasis, the body's internal balance.

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Cerebral Cortex

A layer of convoluted tissue that covers the cerebral hemispheres, responsible for higher cognitive functions.

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Limbic System

A circuit of midline structures that circles the thalamus, responsible for regulating motivated behaviors and emotions.

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Amygdala

Almond-shaped nucleus in the brain responsible for emotional associations.

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Hippocampus

The structure in the brain responsible for the formation of long-term memories.

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Axodendritic synapse

A type of synapse where the axon terminal of one neuron connects to the dendrites of another neuron. This is a common type of synapse involved in information transmission.

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Axosomatic synapse

A type of synapse where the axon terminal of one neuron connects to the soma (cell body) of another neuron. This type of synapse is important for integrating information from multiple sources.

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Dendrodendritic synapse

A type of synapse where the dendrites of one neuron connect to the dendrites of another neuron. This type of synapse allows for bidirectional communication between neurons.

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Axoaxonal synapse

A type of synapse where the axon terminal of one neuron connects to the axon of another neuron. This type of synapse can modulate the strength of signals transmitted along the axon.

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Glutamate

The most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the Central Nervous System (CNS). It plays a crucial role in learning and memory.

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GABA

The most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS. It helps regulate and balance neuronal activity.

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Dopamine

A neurotransmitter primarily responsible for reward-driven learning, motivation, and pleasure. It also plays a role in cognition and mood.

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Norepinephrine

A neurotransmitter released by the sympathetic nervous system. It plays a role in the 'fight-or-flight' response and other functions.

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Neurotensin

A neuropeptide that regulates a variety of effects like pain relief (analgesia), lower body temperature, and increased movement. It's involved in controlling dopamine pathways.

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Endorphins

A neuropeptide produced by the pituitary gland and hypothalamus during activities like exercise, excitement, pain, spicy food consumption, love, and orgasm. It's associated with pain relief and a feeling of well-being.

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Substance P

A neuropeptide involved in increasing food intake, storing fat for energy, reducing anxiety, stress, and pain perception, and impacting circadian rhythm.

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Corticotropin

A neuropeptide that directs the body's response to stress. It can decrease appetite, increase anxiety, and enhance attention.

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Oxytocin

A hormone and neurotransmitter playing a major role in bonding. It's also involved in social recognition and maternal behavior.

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Vasopressin

A neuropeptide essential for social bonding, mating behaviors, maternal responses to stress, and general social behavior.

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Evolution

The process by which traits that promote survival and reproduction are passed on to offspring.

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Brain size and intelligence

The relative size of different brain regions is more informative than overall brain size when judging intelligence.

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Human brain evolution

The human brain has significantly increased in size during evolution, particularly in the cerebrum.

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Chromosomes

Thread-like structures in the nucleus of a cell that carry genetic information in the form of genes.

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Autosomes

The 22 pairs of chromosomes that are not involved in sex determination.

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Sex chromosomes

The pair of chromosomes responsible for determining biological sex (XX for female, XY for male).

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Study Notes

Biological Psychology

  • Brain: Regulates change from inspiration to expiration. The cerebellum is a convoluted structure on the brain stem's dorsal surface, an important sensorimotor structure. Damage can impair precise movement control.

Myelencephalon

  • Also known as the medulla oblongata, the posterior division of the brain.
  • Composed of tracts for signals between the rest of the brain and the body.
  • Contains the reticular formation (a complex network of 100+ nuclei), involved in sleep, attention and basic life functions including muscle tone, cardio-respiratory regulation, etc., sometimes called the reticular activating system. It extends from the posterior boundary of the myelencephalon to the anterior boundary of the midbrain.

Mesencephalon

  • The tectum (or corpora quadrigemina) is the roof of the midbrain and includes the inferior colliculi (auditory function) and the superior colliculi (visual function).
  • The tegmentum is on the floor and has the periaqueductal gray (pain and defensive behaviors), substantia nigra (reward, addiction, motor movement), and the red nucleus (motor coordination).

Diencephalon

  • Includes the thalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and pituitary.

  • Thalamus: Large, two-lobed structure acting as the final relay center for both sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex. It also plays roles in sleep, consciousness, alertness.

  • Subthalamus: A small, lens-shaped nucleus in the forebrain, involved in basal ganglia functioning.

  • Hypothalamus: Almond-shaped structure, regulates various functions including emotions, motivations, and behaviors.

Metencephalon

  • Includes the pons which connects the two hemispheres and contains a respiratory center.
  • Also contains the cerebellum, important for sensorimotor functions.

Telencephalon

  • The largest part of the human brain, responsible for complex functions like voluntary movement, sensory input interpretation, learning, speaking, problem-solving, etc.
  • Composed of the cerebral cortex, limbic system, and basal ganglia.
  • Divided into four lobes: frontal (executive functions), parietal (visuospatial processing), temporal (auditory perception and semantics), and occipital (visual processing).
  • The Limbic System has the amygdala (emotional associations) and the hippocampus (long-term memory).

Other Information:

  • Meninges: Three membranes (dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater) covering the brain and spinal cord.
  • Meningiomas: Tumors of the meninges, usually benign.
  • Hematomas: Collections of blood outside of blood vessels, with epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid varieties.
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): Supports and cushions the brain and is produced by choroid plexuses in the brain's ventricles.

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Biological Psychology PDF

Description

Explore the intricate structures of the brain, including the cerebellum, myelencephalon, and mesencephalon. This quiz delves into their functions and how they regulate vital processes such as movement control, sleep, and attention. Test your knowledge on these essential components of biological psychology.

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