Psychology Behaviorism Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What does behaviourism primarily emphasize about learning?

Learning involves observable changes in behaviour. (correct)

Learning occurs strictly through social interactions.

Learning is influenced by internal thoughts and feelings.

Learning is a complex cognitive process.

Which of the following is NOT a type of conditioning associated with behaviourism?

Instrumental conditioning

Operant conditioning

Classical conditioning

Cognitive conditioning (correct)

According to behaviourist principles, what is necessary for learning to occur?

Close timing between stimulus and response. (correct)

Active engagement in social discussions.

A change in internal beliefs and attitudes.

Completion of cognitive tasks.

What role does the environment play in behaviourism?

It influences behaviour through conditioning. Signup and view all the answers

How do behaviourists view internal processes such as thoughts and feelings?

As unobservable and not important. Signup and view all the answers

What principle is associated with classical conditioning as demonstrated by Pavlov's experiments?

Association/pairing Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the role of a neutral stimulus in classical conditioning?

It becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What type of reinforcement involves removing a stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior?

Negative reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

In the context of operant conditioning, what is the primary focus?

Behavior and consequences Signup and view all the answers

How does positive reinforcement operate in behavior modification?

By rewarding a positive behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following exemplifies positive reinforcement?

Rewarding a child with ice cream for good behavior Signup and view all the answers

Who are the primary proponents of operant conditioning?

Thorndike and B.F. Skinner Signup and view all the answers

What effect does reinforcement typically have on a behavior over time?

It strengthens the likelihood of the behavior Signup and view all the answers

What does negative reinforcement involve?

Taking away an unwanted stimulus to encourage good behavior Signup and view all the answers

In negative reinforcement, what happens after a desired behavior is exhibited?

An aversive stimulus is removed to reinforce the behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

A student avoids a detention by arriving on time Signup and view all the answers

What is positive punishment designed to do?

Decrease bad behavior by imposing an unwanted consequence Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best illustrates positive punishment?

A student must clean the classroom after being disruptive Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes negative reinforcement from punishment?

Negative reinforcement increases desired behavior, while punishment decreases undesired behavior Signup and view all the answers

How might a student experience avoidance behavior in relation to negative reinforcement?

By not misbehaving to avoid losing recess time Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about positive punishment?

It is primarily intended to increase good behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of negative punishment?

To weaken or decrease an undesired behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes negative reinforcement?

Involves removing a stimulus to encourage behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best summarizes the cognitive theory of learning?

Learning involves internal mental processes distinct from observable behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Who are some key proponents of cognitive learning theory?

Jean Piaget, Ausubel, and Bruner Signup and view all the answers

What is a misunderstanding often made between negative reinforcement and punishment?

Negative reinforcement increases behavior, while punishment decreases it. Signup and view all the answers

In cognitive theory, what is considered essential for learning?

The individual's cognitive processing of information Signup and view all the answers

What does cognitive learning theory emphasize in contrast to behaviorism?

The internal mental processes that influence behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the role of rewards in cognitivism?

Cognitivists argue that rewards are not necessary for learning. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does the Gestalt Perspective emphasize in learning?

The importance of perception Signup and view all the answers

Which principle under Gestalt Perspective suggests that students seek simplicity in explanations?

Learning is directed toward simplicity Signup and view all the answers

What is a key focus of Information Processing Theory?

How information is encountered and stored Signup and view all the answers

What motivates learners to act according to cognitive theorists?

Goals and expectations creating tension Signup and view all the answers

What influences what individuals pay attention to in the learning process?

Personal motives and past experiences Signup and view all the answers

Cognitive theorists argue that a teacher can facilitate learning by:

Providing information and helping organize it Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a branch of cognitive theory?

Behaviorist theory Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of learners experiencing disequilibrium according to cognitive theorists?

They feel a strong motivation to act. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of humanistic learning theory?

Encouraging self-motivated and engaged learners Signup and view all the answers

Why is self-evaluation considered important in humanistic education?

It enables students to reflect on their own learning progress. Signup and view all the answers

How do humanistic educators view the relationship between knowledge and feelings?

Knowledge and feelings are integrated in the learning process. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the learning environment is emphasized in humanistic education?

Creation of a safe and supportive environment Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary role of teachers in humanistic learning theory?

To provide motivation and engagement for tasks Signup and view all the answers

In humanistic learning, what do students gain responsibility for?

Their own learning choices and tasks Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the teaching approach in humanistic education?

Engaged and participatory learning activities Signup and view all the answers

What type of subjects are humanistic educators encouraged to let students choose?

Subjects that align with their interests and passions Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Course Information

Course title: Principles, Theories and Practices of Nurse/Midwifery Education
Course code: MIDW 485/NURS 413
Institution: Garden City University College, Kenyase-Kumasi

Unit 2: Learning Theories

Section 1: Behaviorism Theory
Section 2: Cognitivism Theory
Section 3: Constructivism Theory
Section 4: Humanistic Theory
Section 5: Social learning theory
Section 6: Individual Psychological Differences

Introduction

Different people have different ideas about learning and how people learn.
Educational psychologists have viewed learning from different perspectives, leading to various theories.
These theories serve as guidelines in teaching and learning processes.
Learning theories offer a framework for understanding how people learn and structure learning.

Towards a Definition

Learning is a lasting change in human performance or potential resulting from interaction with the environment (Driscoll, 1994).
Learning is a relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior due to experience (Mayer, 1982).
Learning encompasses acquiring new understanding, knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, attitudes, and preferences.

Types of Learning

Cognitive Learning
Behavioral Learning
Social Learning
Experiential Learning
Self-directed Learning
Situational Learning
Constructivist Learning

Learning Theories

Behaviorism
Cognitivism
Constructivism
Humanistic
Social learning theory

Behaviorism Theory

Proponents: Watson, Pavlov, Skinner
Learning is the acquisition of new behavior through conditioning.
Learnt behavior must be observable.
Two types of conditioning:
- Classical conditioning (Ivan Pavlov)
- Operant conditioning (B.F. Skinner)

Behaviorism Assumptions

Environment influences behavior. Behaviourists believe that people's behaviours are a result of their interaction with the environment.
Learning involves stimuli and responses. Behaviourists focus on observable events rather than internal thoughts, feelings, and beliefs.
Learning involves behavioral change. Learning has not occurred unless there is noticeable change in behaviour.
Learning depends on stimulus-response associations. Associations must occur closely together in time. Learners associate their response with the stimulus.

Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov)

Principle: Association/pairing
Pavlov's study on digestion of dogs and salivation.
He realized that dogs could be trained to salivate by associating another stimulus (such as a bell) with food.
Salivation is a natural response to food. Conditioning occurs when a bell rang at the same time as food was presented.
After repeated pairings, the bell alone could cause or elicit salivation in the dog.

Operant Conditioning

Proponents: Thorndike & B.F. Skinner
Principles: Reinforcement & Punishment
Learning is focused on the behaviour and the reinforcement after the behaviour.
People learn through rewards and punishment
Reinforcement
- Increases the probability of a behaviour occurring (positive or negative).
  - Positive reinforcement: Adding a stimulus.
  - Negative reinforcement: Removing a stimulus.
Punishment
- Decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring (positive or negative).
  - Positive punishment: Adding a stimulus.
  - Negative punishment: Removing a stimulus.

Cognitivism/Cognitive Learning Theory

Contrast to Behaviorism, focusing on mental processes like thinking, memory, and problem-solving in the learning process.
Learning is a change in stored knowledge in memory rather than a change in behaviour. Learners can change when goals, expectations, and disequilibrium, imbalance, and tension occur.

Cognitive Learning Theory Assumptions

Proponents: Jean Piaget, Ausubel, Brunnel
Learning occurs whether there is an observable change or not in the learner.
Key to learning and changing is the individual's cognition (perception, thought, memory, and ways of information processing).
Reward is not necessarily required for learning. Learners' goals, expectations, tensions, imbalances, and disequilibriums are central.
A teacher can produce learning by transferring information to the learner and helping organize it for recall.

Sub-theories/Branches of Cognitive Theories

Gestalt Perspective: Learning is directed toward simplicity, equilibrium, and regularity. Perception is selective, influenced by past experiences, needs, personal motives, attitudes, and stimulus structures.
Information processing theory: Emphasizes how information is encountered, processed, and stored in memory. Stages include Attention, Processing, Memory storage and Action

Attention

First stage in cognitive learning.
Learners must pay attention to what they experience.

Processing/Storage

Information transfer from sensory register to short-term memory.
Levels of memory: sensory, short-term, long-term.
- Sensory register: information is initially processed after attention.
- Short-term memory: Temporary storage, holding info for up to 20 seconds, depending on repetition.

Long Term Memory

Stores information from the short-term memory for long-term use.
Unlimited capacity

Action

Brain organizes stored information to recover it.

Humanistic Learning Theory

Proponents: Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, James F.T. Bugental
Belief that learners are inherently good, self-motivated, and have a natural desire to grow. Learners' needs drive their learning.

Humanistic Learning Theory Concepts

Self-actualization: desire for growth, creation, relationships, and directing their own lives.
Learners bring out the best in themselves. Feelings are more motivating than rewards/punishments.
Learners have freedom and autonomy in their learning
Safe learning environment, learners' needs are met (physical, mental, emotional.)

Humanistic Learning Principles

Student choice (central to humanistic learning)
Student-centered learning: Students take control of their education.
Choices in daily activities and future goals
Focusing on a specific interest area
Fostering engagement and self-motivation
Importance of self-evaluation
Connection between feelings and knowledge
Focus on the whole student ( intellect, feelings)
Safe learning environment
Teachers teach learning skills and encourage students
Teachers create opportunities for interaction

Proponent: Albert Bandura
Much of learning occurs through observation and copying others.
Learning depends on: observer characteristics, personal characteristics, behaviour patterns and the environment

Role modelling: Observing and copying a competent model's behaviour; the model needs to be competent and have prestige and power. This behaviour can include verbal instructions/descriptions
Vicarious reinforcement: Learning by observing the consequences of another person's actions (reward or punishment).

Attentional phase
Retention phase
Reproduction phase
Motivational phase

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Description

Test your understanding of the principles of behaviorism, including types of conditioning and the roles of reinforcement. This quiz covers key concepts such as classical and operant conditioning, the significance of the environment, and the impact of behavior modification strategies.