Questions and Answers
What have some psychologists called the mental representations of mazes that rats have explored?
cognitive maps
Which of the following best explains a baseball player's superstitious behavior after getting a hit?
Saleem's change in behavior after being spanked for biting electric cords best illustrates the value of what?
operant conditioning
What behavior is suggested by children exposed to a model who says one thing and does another?
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Who introduced the term behaviorism?
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Blake prefers working on a ___ schedule of reinforcement.
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Purchasing state lottery tickets is reinforced with monetary winnings on a ___ schedule.
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What method is the teacher using to get Trevor to speak?
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What finding illustrates viewers' desensitization to violence after prolonged exposure to television violence?
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What conditioning do pets demonstrate when they learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food?
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What is the process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behavior called?
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What would a yellow parking ticket be considered for Robert after he parked in a teachers' space?
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According to Bandura's experiments, what is important in the process of learning?
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What is the difference between a primary and a conditioned reinforcer?
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Which of the following is an unconditioned response?
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Money is to food as ___ is to ___.
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What aspect of operant conditioning is illustrated by pigs dropping the coins after learning to pick them up?
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What process is illustrated by golf instruction that reinforces short putts before reinforcing long putts?
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What does a sea slug's response to electric shocks and squirts of water illustrate?
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What is most likely to inhibit intrinsic motivation?
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What does spontaneous recovery refer to?
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What integrated understanding of associative learning is most clearly provided by a biopsychosocial approach?
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Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n)?
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What do rats easily learn to associate with nausea-producing radiation treatments?
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What is the process of electronically recording, amplifying, and displaying information regarding subtle physiological responses called?
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Study Notes
Cognitive Maps
- Rats can form mental representations of explored mazes, referred to as cognitive maps.
Superstitious Behavior
- Superstitions in behavior, such as a baseball player tapping the plate for a hit, arise because reinforced actions, even accidental, are likely to be repeated.
Operant Conditioning
- Behavior change, such as stopping biting electric cords after punishment, exemplifies operant conditioning principles.
Model Influence on Behavior
- Children who observe discrepancies between a model's words and actions tend to mimic the model's spoken behaviors while following their actions.
Behaviorism
- The term behaviorism was introduced by John B. Watson, laying foundational concepts in psychology.
Fixed-Ratio Reinforcement
- A carpet installer preferring payment per square foot operates on a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement.
Variable-Ratio Reinforcement
- Purchasing lottery tickets is reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule due to unpredictable monetary rewards.
Shaping Technique
- Teaching a child to speak by initially rewarding any utterance, then specific words, and finally complete sentences is an application of shaping.
Desensitization
- Prolonged exposure to violence can lead to desensitization, resulting in indifference to actual violent events.
Classical Conditioning
- Pets associating the sound of a can opener with food demonstrate classical conditioning principles at work.
Reinforcing Behavior Approximations
- The process of reinforcing closer approximations to a desired behavior is called shaping.
Positive Punishment
- A yellow parking ticket serves as positive punishment for parking illegally, discouraging the behavior.
Importance of Modeling
- Bandura's research highlights the significance of modeling in the learning process.
Primary vs. Conditioned Reinforcers
- Primary reinforcers are innate and satisfying, while conditioned reinforcers are learned behaviors associating rewards.
Unconditioned Response
- An example of an unconditioned response is sweating when exposed to hot weather.
Secondary and Immediate Reinforcers
- Money serves as a secondary reinforcer, while immediate reinforcers like food offer direct satisfaction.
Biological Predispositions
- The tendency of pigs to manipulate coins instead of completing the task illustrates biological predispositions in operant conditioning.
Shaping in Golf Instruction
- Reinforcing short putts before long putts visually demonstrates the shaping process in skill acquisition.
Associative Learning
- A sea slug strengthening its withdrawal response to water after associated shocks exemplifies associative learning.
Intrinsic Motivation
- Using external rewards can diminish intrinsic motivation for activities that individuals already enjoy.
Spontaneous Recovery
- Spontaneous recovery refers to the revival of an extinguished conditioned response following a pause.
Biopsychosocial Approach
- Understanding associative learning through genetic, cultural, and environmental factors is best captured by a biopsychosocial approach.
Negative Reinforcer
- A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, enhances that response's likelihood.
Learning Associations
- Rats have a predisposition to link nausea with novel tastes due to their evolutionary learning capacities.
Biofeedback
- Biofeedback is the technique of electronically monitoring and amplifying subtle physiological responses for awareness and control.
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Description
Explore key concepts in psychology related to behaviorism and conditioning, including cognitive maps, operant conditioning, and reinforcement schedules. This quiz delves into real-world examples to illustrate these principles, enhancing your understanding of behavioral psychology.
