Psychology Behaviorism and Conditioning Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What have some psychologists called the mental representations of mazes that rats have explored?

cognitive maps

Which of the following best explains a baseball player's superstitious behavior after getting a hit?

  • He enjoys the game
  • It is a coincidence
  • He is trying to impress others
  • Reinforced behavior is likely to be repeated (correct)

    • Saleem's change in behavior after being spanked for biting electric cords best illustrates the value of what?

    operant conditioning

    What behavior is suggested by children exposed to a model who says one thing and does another?

    <p>They will talk in ways consistent with what the model says and act in a way consistent with what the model does</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who introduced the term behaviorism?

    <p>John B. Watson</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blake prefers working on a ___ schedule of reinforcement.

    <p>fixed-ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Purchasing state lottery tickets is reinforced with monetary winnings on a ___ schedule.

    <p>variable-ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is the teacher using to get Trevor to speak?

    <p>shaping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What finding illustrates viewers' desensitization to violence after prolonged exposure to television violence?

    <p>They became more indifferent to violence when later viewing a brawl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conditioning do pets demonstrate when they learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food?

    <p>classical conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behavior called?

    <p>shaping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would a yellow parking ticket be considered for Robert after he parked in a teachers' space?

    <p>positive punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Bandura's experiments, what is important in the process of learning?

    <p>modeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a primary and a conditioned reinforcer?

    <p>Primary reinforcers are unlearned and innately satisfying; conditioned reinforcers are learned.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an unconditioned response?

    <p>sweating in hot weather</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Money is to food as ___ is to ___.

    <p>secondary reinforcer; immediate reinforcer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of operant conditioning is illustrated by pigs dropping the coins after learning to pick them up?

    <p>biological predispositions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is illustrated by golf instruction that reinforces short putts before reinforcing long putts?

    <p>shaping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a sea slug's response to electric shocks and squirts of water illustrate?

    <p>associative learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is most likely to inhibit intrinsic motivation?

    <p>Using rewards to bribe people to engage in an activity they already enjoy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does spontaneous recovery refer to?

    <p>the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What integrated understanding of associative learning is most clearly provided by a biopsychosocial approach?

    <p>a biopsychosocial approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n)?

    <p>negative reinforcer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do rats easily learn to associate with nausea-producing radiation treatments?

    <p>novel tastes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of electronically recording, amplifying, and displaying information regarding subtle physiological responses called?

    <p>biofeedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cognitive Maps

    • Rats can form mental representations of explored mazes, referred to as cognitive maps.

    Superstitious Behavior

    • Superstitions in behavior, such as a baseball player tapping the plate for a hit, arise because reinforced actions, even accidental, are likely to be repeated.

    Operant Conditioning

    • Behavior change, such as stopping biting electric cords after punishment, exemplifies operant conditioning principles.

    Model Influence on Behavior

    • Children who observe discrepancies between a model's words and actions tend to mimic the model's spoken behaviors while following their actions.

    Behaviorism

    • The term behaviorism was introduced by John B. Watson, laying foundational concepts in psychology.

    Fixed-Ratio Reinforcement

    • A carpet installer preferring payment per square foot operates on a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement.

    Variable-Ratio Reinforcement

    • Purchasing lottery tickets is reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule due to unpredictable monetary rewards.

    Shaping Technique

    • Teaching a child to speak by initially rewarding any utterance, then specific words, and finally complete sentences is an application of shaping.

    Desensitization

    • Prolonged exposure to violence can lead to desensitization, resulting in indifference to actual violent events.

    Classical Conditioning

    • Pets associating the sound of a can opener with food demonstrate classical conditioning principles at work.

    Reinforcing Behavior Approximations

    • The process of reinforcing closer approximations to a desired behavior is called shaping.

    Positive Punishment

    • A yellow parking ticket serves as positive punishment for parking illegally, discouraging the behavior.

    Importance of Modeling

    • Bandura's research highlights the significance of modeling in the learning process.

    Primary vs. Conditioned Reinforcers

    • Primary reinforcers are innate and satisfying, while conditioned reinforcers are learned behaviors associating rewards.

    Unconditioned Response

    • An example of an unconditioned response is sweating when exposed to hot weather.

    Secondary and Immediate Reinforcers

    • Money serves as a secondary reinforcer, while immediate reinforcers like food offer direct satisfaction.

    Biological Predispositions

    • The tendency of pigs to manipulate coins instead of completing the task illustrates biological predispositions in operant conditioning.

    Shaping in Golf Instruction

    • Reinforcing short putts before long putts visually demonstrates the shaping process in skill acquisition.

    Associative Learning

    • A sea slug strengthening its withdrawal response to water after associated shocks exemplifies associative learning.

    Intrinsic Motivation

    • Using external rewards can diminish intrinsic motivation for activities that individuals already enjoy.

    Spontaneous Recovery

    • Spontaneous recovery refers to the revival of an extinguished conditioned response following a pause.

    Biopsychosocial Approach

    • Understanding associative learning through genetic, cultural, and environmental factors is best captured by a biopsychosocial approach.

    Negative Reinforcer

    • A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, enhances that response's likelihood.

    Learning Associations

    • Rats have a predisposition to link nausea with novel tastes due to their evolutionary learning capacities.

    Biofeedback

    • Biofeedback is the technique of electronically monitoring and amplifying subtle physiological responses for awareness and control.

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    Description

    Explore key concepts in psychology related to behaviorism and conditioning, including cognitive maps, operant conditioning, and reinforcement schedules. This quiz delves into real-world examples to illustrate these principles, enhancing your understanding of behavioral psychology.

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