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Questions and Answers
What is the cognitive component of an attitude?
What is the cognitive component of an attitude?
What does the affective component of an attitude refer to?
What does the affective component of an attitude refer to?
What is the behavioural component of an attitude?
What is the behavioural component of an attitude?
What is a characteristic of attitudes?
What is a characteristic of attitudes?
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What may or may not have motivational appeal initially?
What may or may not have motivational appeal initially?
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What is the ABC components of attitude?
What is the ABC components of attitude?
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What is a deep-rooted component of an attitude that resists most to change?
What is a deep-rooted component of an attitude that resists most to change?
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What does the emotional component of an attitude involve?
What does the emotional component of an attitude involve?
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What is an attitude primarily?
What is an attitude primarily?
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What can influence attitudes according to social roles and social norms?
What can influence attitudes according to social roles and social norms?
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What determines an individual's orientation towards their social and physical environment?
What determines an individual's orientation towards their social and physical environment?
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According to Robert Zajonc, what is a sufficient condition for the enhancement of a person's attitude towards a stimulus?
According to Robert Zajonc, what is a sufficient condition for the enhancement of a person's attitude towards a stimulus?
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What is the result of having a particular attitude towards a specific stimulus?
What is the result of having a particular attitude towards a specific stimulus?
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What is the purpose of advertisers using classical conditioning?
What is the purpose of advertisers using classical conditioning?
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What is an attitude according to the definition?
What is an attitude according to the definition?
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What is the function of an attitude?
What is the function of an attitude?
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Who is associated with classical conditioning?
Who is associated with classical conditioning?
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What type of learning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus?
What type of learning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus?
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What is the state of readiness referred to as?
What is the state of readiness referred to as?
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What is the 'mere exposure effect'?
What is the 'mere exposure effect'?
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What influences an individual's response to all objects and situations?
What influences an individual's response to all objects and situations?
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What is the outcome of classical conditioning?
What is the outcome of classical conditioning?
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What type of state is an attitude?
What type of state is an attitude?
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Which of the following is NOT an example of classical conditioning?
Which of the following is NOT an example of classical conditioning?
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How do attitudes develop in individuals?
How do attitudes develop in individuals?
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What is the primary function of attitudes in an individual's behavior?
What is the primary function of attitudes in an individual's behavior?
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What is a characteristic of a favorable attitude?
What is a characteristic of a favorable attitude?
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Can attitudes be changed?
Can attitudes be changed?
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What is a characteristic of automatic attitudes?
What is a characteristic of automatic attitudes?
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What is a consequence of possessing an attitude?
What is a consequence of possessing an attitude?
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How can attitudes be formed?
How can attitudes be formed?
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What is a factor that influences the formation of attitudes?
What is a factor that influences the formation of attitudes?
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What is the primary goal of balance theory?
What is the primary goal of balance theory?
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According to cognitive dissonance theory, what is the result of inconsistencies?
According to cognitive dissonance theory, what is the result of inconsistencies?
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What is the primary assumption of balance theory?
What is the primary assumption of balance theory?
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What is the outcome of unbalanced states, according to balance theory?
What is the outcome of unbalanced states, according to balance theory?
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Who proposed the cognitive dissonance theory?
Who proposed the cognitive dissonance theory?
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What is the result of cognitive dissonance, according to the theory?
What is the result of cognitive dissonance, according to the theory?
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What is the focus of Heider's P-O-X balance theory?
What is the focus of Heider's P-O-X balance theory?
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What is the underlying motivation behind the drive for consistency?
What is the underlying motivation behind the drive for consistency?
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Study Notes
Attitudes, Beliefs, and Consistency
- Attitudes are evaluations people make about objects, ideas, events, or other people.
- Attitudes denote a functional state of readiness that determines an organism to react in a characteristic way to certain stimuli or stimulus situations.
The ABC Components of Attitude
- Affect: Emotional responses
- Behaviour: Behavioural tendencies (verbal & non-verbal actions)
- Cognition: Thoughts, knowledge, and beliefs
The Cognitive Component
- Consists of a person's system of beliefs, perceptions, and stereotypes about the attitudinal object.
- Refers to ideas about the object.
The Affective Component
- Refers to the emotional aspect of the attitude, which is often deep-rooted and resists change.
- Indicates the direction and intensity of an individual's evaluation.
The Behavioural Component
- Indicates the tendency to react towards the object of attitude in certain specific ways.
- Predisposition to act in a certain manner towards the attitude object.
Characteristics and Properties of Attitudes
- Attitudes always imply a subject-object relationship.
- Attitudes in relation to objects, persons, and values may or may not have motivational appeal initially.
- Attitudes give a direction to one's behaviour and actions.
- Attitudes are coloured with motivational and evaluative characteristics.
- Attitudes are not innate but learned, acquired, and conditioned.
- Attitudes can be changed depending on circumstances, experiences, and how information is processed.
Implicit Association Test (IAT)
- Automatic attitudes are more difficult to measure than deliberate attitudes.
- Most measures of automatic attitudes involve measuring reaction times to stimuli.
How Attitudes Are Formed
- Experience: Attitudes form directly as a result of experience.
- Social Factors: Social roles and social norms can have a strong influence on attitudes.
- Learning: Attitudes can be learned in a variety of ways, including classical and operant conditioning.
- Exposure Effect: Mere exposure effect – tendency to come to like things simply because they are encountered repeatedly.
Attitude Change
- Heider's P-O-X Balance Theory: People will avoid having contradicting attitudes and evaluations of one object.
- Cognitive Dissonance Theory: Inconsistencies produce an unpleasant mental state called cognitive dissonance, leading people to rationalize their behavior or change their attitudes.
Consistency Theories
- Commonalities in theories about consistency: Specify conditions required for consistency and inconsistency, assume inconsistency is unpleasant, and specify conditions required to restore consistency.
- Cognitive dissonance theory proposes that inconsistencies produce an unpleasant mental state called cognitive dissonance, leading people to rationalize their behavior or change their attitudes.
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Description
Learn about attitudes, their characteristics, formation, and change theories. Understand the relationship between attitudes and behavior, and explore consistency theories.
