Psychology: Attitudes and Functions

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What are the three components of attitudes according to psychologists?

Observational, knowledge-based, and ego-defensive

Implicit, explicit, and utilitarian

Affective, behavioral, and cognitive (correct)

Emotional, social, and personal

In cognitive dissonance theory, what happens when one's actions and beliefs do not align?

Enhancement of beliefs to support actions

No impact on behavior or beliefs

Increased alignment between actions and beliefs

Change in behavior or beliefs to reduce dissonance (correct)

Which function do attitudes serve when they reflect the values one holds?

Utilitarian function

Knowledge function

Value-expression function (correct)

Ego-defensive function

What type of attitudes are individuals usually unaware of according to psychologists?

Implicit attitudes Signup and view all the answers

How are attitudes reflected in behavior according to the text?

Through actual actions taken Signup and view all the answers

What is the cognitive bias that suggests people believe the world is fair?

Just-world hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

Individuals with an optimistic explanatory style attribute negative events to which type of causes?

Global, stable, internal causes Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for explaining an event based on an interaction between two or more individuals?

Interpersonal attribution Signup and view all the answers

When individuals attribute fault to others in negative situations, what type of attribution is being made?

Interpersonal attribution Signup and view all the answers

Which explanatory style attributes positive events to specific, unstable, external causes?

Pessimistic style Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the tendency to attribute internal factors for success and external factors for failure?

Self-serving bias Signup and view all the answers

Which bias involves attributing internal (personality-based) explanations and under-valuing external (situational) explanations for another person's behavior?

Fundamental attribution error Signup and view all the answers

What describes the discrepancy between attributions made when one is the actor in a situation versus when one is the observer of other people's behavior?

Actor-observer bias Signup and view all the answers

Which attribution involves attributing successful outcomes of one's own behavior to internal causes and unsuccessful outcomes to external causes?

Self-serving bias Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the belief that people get what they deserve in life, which can lead to victim-blaming in some cases?

Just-world hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

Which component of attributions refers to whether someone's attribution is stable or unstable over time?

Stability Signup and view all the answers

In the context of attributions, what does an internal locus of control imply?

The person is an active participant in the world and can influence what happens to them. Signup and view all the answers

How do collectivist cultures differ from individualist cultures in terms of attributions?

Collectivist cultures value conformity and mutual support. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'attitude' refer to in social psychology?

An evaluation of a person, idea, or object in a particular way. Signup and view all the answers

How does cognitive dissonance theory explain attitudes?

By suggesting that individuals seek consistency between their attitudes and behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of information individuals consider when making an attribution?

Consensus, distinctive, and consistency information Signup and view all the answers

In the context of attributions, what does 'consensus' refer to?

How other people in the same situation behave Signup and view all the answers

Using the attribution theory, what would lead to an internal attribution based on the film example provided?

If other people love the film, your friend does not tend to rave about films, and he consistently praises this film Signup and view all the answers

How do attributions influence a person's future behavior in similar situations?

Positive attributions increase willingness to approach similar tasks in the future Signup and view all the answers

In the context of attributions, what does 'distinctive information' refer to?

How an individual responds to a different stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Internal and External Attribution?

Internal Attribution emphasizes dispositional or personality-based explanations, while External Attribution emphasizes situational factors. Signup and view all the answers

Which model of attribution focuses on people attributing behavior to the factors that co-vary with that behavior?

Covariation Model Signup and view all the answers

In the context of attribution theories, what does the covariation principle state?

People attribute behavior to the factors that are present when the behavior occurs and absent when it does not. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of attribution might conclude that a person aced a test because they received extra help?

Situational Attribution Signup and view all the answers

How do Internal Attributions and External Attributions differ in terms of emphasis?

Internal Attributions focus on personal traits, while External Attributions focus on environmental influences. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason an individual may not recycle a can on a particular day even if they value the environment?

They have implicit attitudes that are not aligned with their explicit attitudes. Signup and view all the answers

How can psychologists measure implicit attitudes that individuals may not be aware of?

By examining their response times to stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

In what situation would explicit attitudes be more likely to influence behavior?

When the attitudes are well remembered and central to the individual's self-concept. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of attitude functions by providing general tendencies for an individual to approach or avoid certain objects?

Utilitarian attitudes Signup and view all the answers

What method is used to measure explicit attitudes?

Self-report and questionnaires Signup and view all the answers

How do psychologists differentiate between explicit and implicit attitudes?

'Explicit' refers to deliberately formed attitudes, while 'implicit' indicates unconsciously formed attitudes. Signup and view all the answers

Why do researchers attempt to understand the function of attitudes?

To explain how attitudes affect individuals. Signup and view all the answers