Psychology: Attitudes and Functions
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Questions and Answers

What are the three components of attitudes according to psychologists?

  • Observational, knowledge-based, and ego-defensive
  • Implicit, explicit, and utilitarian
  • Affective, behavioral, and cognitive (correct)
  • Emotional, social, and personal

    • In cognitive dissonance theory, what happens when one's actions and beliefs do not align?

  • Enhancement of beliefs to support actions
  • No impact on behavior or beliefs
  • Increased alignment between actions and beliefs
  • Change in behavior or beliefs to reduce dissonance (correct)

    • Which function do attitudes serve when they reflect the values one holds?

  • Utilitarian function
  • Knowledge function
  • Value-expression function (correct)
  • Ego-defensive function

    • What type of attitudes are individuals usually unaware of according to psychologists?

    <p>Implicit attitudes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are attitudes reflected in behavior according to the text?

    <p>Through actual actions taken</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cognitive bias that suggests people believe the world is fair?

    <p>Just-world hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals with an optimistic explanatory style attribute negative events to which type of causes?

    <p>Global, stable, internal causes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for explaining an event based on an interaction between two or more individuals?

    <p>Interpersonal attribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When individuals attribute fault to others in negative situations, what type of attribution is being made?

    <p>Interpersonal attribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which explanatory style attributes positive events to specific, unstable, external causes?

    <p>Pessimistic style</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to the tendency to attribute internal factors for success and external factors for failure?

    <p>Self-serving bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bias involves attributing internal (personality-based) explanations and under-valuing external (situational) explanations for another person's behavior?

    <p>Fundamental attribution error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the discrepancy between attributions made when one is the actor in a situation versus when one is the observer of other people's behavior?

    <p>Actor-observer bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which attribution involves attributing successful outcomes of one's own behavior to internal causes and unsuccessful outcomes to external causes?

    <p>Self-serving bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the belief that people get what they deserve in life, which can lead to victim-blaming in some cases?

    <p>Just-world hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of attributions refers to whether someone's attribution is stable or unstable over time?

    <p>Stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of attributions, what does an internal locus of control imply?

    <p>The person is an active participant in the world and can influence what happens to them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do collectivist cultures differ from individualist cultures in terms of attributions?

    <p>Collectivist cultures value conformity and mutual support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'attitude' refer to in social psychology?

    <p>An evaluation of a person, idea, or object in a particular way.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cognitive dissonance theory explain attitudes?

    <p>By suggesting that individuals seek consistency between their attitudes and behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of information individuals consider when making an attribution?

    <p>Consensus, distinctive, and consistency information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of attributions, what does 'consensus' refer to?

    <p>How other people in the same situation behave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Using the attribution theory, what would lead to an internal attribution based on the film example provided?

    <p>If other people love the film, your friend does not tend to rave about films, and he consistently praises this film</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do attributions influence a person's future behavior in similar situations?

    <p>Positive attributions increase willingness to approach similar tasks in the future</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of attributions, what does 'distinctive information' refer to?

    <p>How an individual responds to a different stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Internal and External Attribution?

    <p>Internal Attribution emphasizes dispositional or personality-based explanations, while External Attribution emphasizes situational factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model of attribution focuses on people attributing behavior to the factors that co-vary with that behavior?

    <p>Covariation Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of attribution theories, what does the covariation principle state?

    <p>People attribute behavior to the factors that are present when the behavior occurs and absent when it does not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of attribution might conclude that a person aced a test because they received extra help?

    <p>Situational Attribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Internal Attributions and External Attributions differ in terms of emphasis?

    <p>Internal Attributions focus on personal traits, while External Attributions focus on environmental influences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason an individual may not recycle a can on a particular day even if they value the environment?

    <p>They have implicit attitudes that are not aligned with their explicit attitudes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can psychologists measure implicit attitudes that individuals may not be aware of?

    <p>By examining their response times to stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what situation would explicit attitudes be more likely to influence behavior?

    <p>When the attitudes are well remembered and central to the individual's self-concept.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of attitude functions by providing general tendencies for an individual to approach or avoid certain objects?

    <p>Utilitarian attitudes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is used to measure explicit attitudes?

    <p>Self-report and questionnaires</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do psychologists differentiate between explicit and implicit attitudes?

    <p>'Explicit' refers to deliberately formed attitudes, while 'implicit' indicates unconsciously formed attitudes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do researchers attempt to understand the function of attitudes?

    <p>To explain how attitudes affect individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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