Psychology 110 - Big Ideas
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Questions and Answers

What aspect of emotion refers to how we evaluate our feelings as pleasant or unpleasant?

  • Biological basis
  • Physiological component
  • Behavioral component
  • Cognitive component (correct)

    • Which system in the body is primarily responsible for the physiological responses associated with emotions?

  • Peripheral nervous system
  • Central nervous system
  • Endocrine system
  • Autonomic nervous system (correct)

    • What influences the way individuals express their emotions through body language?

  • Cultural display rules (correct)
  • Genetic predisposition
  • Age and gender
  • Personal beliefs

    • Which part of the brain is primarily associated with our vigilance and response to emotional stimuli?

    <p>Amygdala</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the automatic reactions that may occur as a result of emotional experiences?

    <p>Physiological responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic that differentiates emotions from other psychological experiences?

    <p>Emotions involve both subjective experience and bodily arousal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the challenges in regulating emotions?

    <p>Some emotions are difficult to control but some regulation is possible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do hormones play in emotional processes?

    <p>They are involved in the body's stress and emotional responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of psychoanalytic theory?

    <p>Unconscious determinants of behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Freud conceptualize the mind?

    <p>Like an iceberg with hidden depths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which idea about sexuality caused resistance to psychoanalysis in the 1920s?

    <p>It proposed repressed sexual desires drove human behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did humanists believe about human behavior?

    <p>It reflects individual self-concept and potential for growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Abraham Maslow, what is essential for psychological well-being?

    <p>Fulfillment of basic needs for evolution as individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What criticism was leveled against behaviorism and psychoanalytic theory in the context of psychology?

    <p>They are seen as dehumanizing and overlook human qualities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what decade did applied psychology begin to emerge as a profession?

    <p>1950s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What social change contributed to the mainstream acceptance of psychoanalysis by the 1940s?

    <p>A greater openness to exploring psychological concepts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the evolutionary theory of emotion propose about emotions?

    <p>Emotions serve an adaptive role for survival.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the James-Lange theory, what determines your emotional reaction?

    <p>Your interpretation of physiological reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the thalamus in the Cannon-Bard theory?

    <p>It controls the experience of emotion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes REM sleep?

    <p>Random rapid movement of the eyes and vivid dreams.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes conscious wakefulness?

    <p>Being aware of one's surroundings, thoughts, and feelings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which state of consciousness does a person experience a level of awareness but can easily be awakened?

    <p>Light Sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'awareness' refer to in the context of states of consciousness?

    <p>The ability to feel or be conscious of events and objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinct feature separates deep sleep from other sleep stages?

    <p>Characterized by slow brain waves and lack of eye movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Psychology 110 - Big Ideas

    • Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior.
    • The word "psychology" comes from the Greek words "psyche," meaning life, and "logos," meaning explanation.
    • Psychology is a popular major for students, a popular topic in the public media, and a part of everyday lives.

    Key Areas in Psychology

    • History of Psychology
    • Biological Factors in Psychology
    • Emotions
    • Consciousness
    • Learning and Intelligence
    • Society and Culture
    • Personal Development
    • Psychological Disorders
    • Research Methods
    • Careers in Psychology

    The Mind

    • The mind includes consciousness, thought, sensation, perception, mood, motivation, and behavior.
    • Consciousness is awareness of being a "thing" that is having an experience.
    • Thought is the ability to reason, judge, and form concepts.
    • Sensation is the process of receiving sensory information.
    • Perception is how we interpret sensory information.
    • Mood is a sustained emotional state.
    • Motivation is the process that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviors.
    • Behavior is observable actions.

    History of Psychology

    • Psychology emerged as its own scientific discipline around the 1870s.
    • Philosophy and physiology were important influences in the development of psychology.

    Two Schools of Thought

    • Structuralism
    • Functionalism

    Rise of Behaviorism

    • Behaviorism is a theoretical orientation focusing solely on observable behaviors.
    • John B. Watson, a prominent figure in behaviorism, proposed abandoning the study of consciousness and focusing solely on observable behaviors.
    • Behaviorism emphasized the importance of the environment in shaping behaviors.

    Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

    • Freud developed psychoanalysis to treat mental disorders.
    • Freud proposed the concept of the unconscious mind, a part containing thoughts, memories, and desires below conscious awareness that affect behavior.
    • Freud's psychoanalytic theory looks at the unconscious determinants of behavior to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders.

    Freud's Iceberg Analogy

    • The conscious level is the top of the iceberg. Thoughts and perceptions are at this awareness level.
    • The preconscious level is below the conscious level, and contains memories and stored knowledge.
    • The unconscious level is the lowest part of the iceberg. It houses unacceptable desires, violent motives, irrational wishes, immoral urges, and selfish needs.

    Humanism

    • Humanism emerged in the 1950s.
    • Humanistic psychology emphasized the uniqueness of humans, their freedom, and their potential for personal growth.
    • Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow argued for an optimistic view of human nature and the importance of self-concept.

    Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

    • Physiological needs (breathing, food, water, shelter, clothing, sleep)
    • Safety needs (security, safety)
    • Belonging and love needs (friendship, family, intimacy)
    • Esteem needs (confidence, achievement, respect)
    • Self-actualization needs (morality, creativity, spontaneity, acceptance, experience, purpose, meaning, and inner potential)

    Applied Psychology

    • Psychology comes of age as a profession in the 1950s.
    • Psychologists provide public services.
    • Includes mental testing of military recruits in WWI.
    • Also includes intelligence testing to determine the best fit for soldiers.

    Clinical Psychology

    • Is the branch of psychology dealing with psychological problems or disorders.

    Cognitive Psychology

    • Cognition refers to mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge (thinking).

    Modern Perspectives of Psychology

    • Psychodynamic
    • Behavioral
    • Cognitive
    • Biological
    • Cross-Cultural
    • Evolutionary
    • Humanistic

    The Nervous System

    • The nervous system is made up of the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system.
    • CNS is the portion within the skull and spinal column made up of the brain and spinal cord.
    • PNS is all nerves outside the brain and spinal cord.
    • PNS is made up of somatic and autonomic system.
    • The somatic system works knowingly and is voluntary, e.g. moving skeletal muscles.
    • The autonomic system works unknowingly and is involuntary, e.g. heart rate.
    • The autonomic system is further broken down into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
      • Sympathetic division mobilizes the body's resources for emergencies.
      • Parasympathetic division conserves bodily resources.

    Neurons

    • Neurons are individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information.

    Parts of a Neuron

    • Dendrites receive signals from other neuron cells.
    • The cell body contains the cell nucleus.
    • The nucleus contains the genetic material of the neuron cell.
    • The axon conducts electrical impulses along the neuron cell.
    • The myelin sheath insulates the axon to help protect it and accelerate impulses.
    • The axon terminal transmits electrical & chemical signals to other neuron cells & effector cells.

    Synapse

    • Synapse is a junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to another.
    • The signal must "jump" the synaptic cleft (microscopic gap).
    • Neurotransmitters carry signals across the gap,

    The Brain

    • The Cerebellum is involved in coordination and balance, motor learning, and memory, and regulating movement and posture.
    • The Medulla is involved in vital unconscious processes like circulation, breathing, maintaining muscle tone, and also sneezing, coughing, and salivating.
    • The Pons connects the brainstem to the cerebellum, and is involved in sleep and arousal.
    • The Midbrain lies behind the hindbrain and the forebrain. Also involved with sensory processes and locating things in space.
    • The Forebrain is the largest region of the brain, including the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebrum.
      • The thalamus is a structure where all sensory information (except smell) must pass to the cerebral cortex.
      • The hypothalamus is involved in the regulation of basic biological needs, such as hunger, thirst, sleep and wakefulness, and body temperature.
      • The limbic system is a loosely connected network of structures that includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and septum

    The Endocrine System

    • The endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones.
    • Hormones carry information in the body to influence almost every cell, organ, and function of the body.

    Emotions

    • Emotions are characterized by subjective conscious experience, bodily arousal, and characteristic overt expressions.
    • Emotions involve how we think about and interpret our feelings, how our body reacts to the emotion, and how we express or show that emotion.
    • The three key elements of emotion are (1) subjective experience, (2) physiological response, and (3) behavioral response.
    • The cognitive component of emotion involves our interpretation and thinking about the emotion, and often includes an evaluative aspect, meaning we categorize emotions as pleasant or unpleasant.
    • The physiological component relates how the body reacts to emotions, and is closely tied to the autonomic nervous system, the limbic system, and the endocrine system.
    • The behavioural component is how emotion is expressed, through body language and nonverbal behavior.
    • Various theories exist to explain emotion, including the James-Lange Theory, Cannon-Bard Theory, and Schachter-Singer Theory.

    Learning

    • Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge due to experience.
    • There are various kinds of learning, including associative learning, which occurs when organisms make connections between stimuli or events that occur together, and observational learning, which involves acquiring skills by watching and imitating others.

    Classical Conditioning

    • Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to evoke a response after being repeatedly paired with a stimulus that naturally evokes a response.
    • An example of this involves Pavlov's dog. A dog salivates when presented with food. A bell, which is a neutral stimulus. When the bell is rung before showing food, the dog may eventually start salivating when hearing the bell without seeing any food.

    Operant Conditioning

    • Operant conditioning involves learning through associating behaviors with their consequences.
    • A pleasant consequence encourages more of that behavior, while an unpleasant punishment deters that behavior.

    Observational Learning

    • Observational learning is a method of learning where people acquire new behaviors and skills by watching and imitating others.
    • The Bobo doll experiment demonstrated this kind of learning.

    Psychological Disorders

    • A mental disorder is a behavioral or mental pattern that causes distress or impairment of personal functioning.
    • Types of psychological disorders include (but aren't limited to):
      • Neurodevelopmental
      • Bipolar
      • Anxiety
      • Trauma/Stressor-Related
      • Dissociative
      • Feeding/Eating
      • Substance Use and Addiction
      • Schizophrenia Spectrum
      • Obsessive-Compulsive

    Consciousness

    • Consciousness is our awareness of ourselves and our environment. Includes various states:
      • Awareness - Wakefulness - Sleep - Lucid dreaming - REM sleep - Deep sleep
      • Other altered states

    Altered States of Consciousness

    • Various psychoactive drugs can lead to altered states of consciousness.
    • Psychoactive drugs affect physical and psychological functions by interacting with the body's neurotransmitter systems.
      • Stimulants
        • Examples: cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamine, MDMA
        • Effect when used: increased alertness, euphoria, low appetite
        • Addictive: Yes
      • Sedative-Hypnotics
        • Examples: alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines
        • Effect when used: low doses increase relaxation, high doses can cause sleep, memory, loss, respiratory depression
        • Addictive:Yes
      • Opiates/Narcotics
        • Examples: Opium, heroin, fentanyl, morphine, oxycodone
        • Effect when used: pain relief, euphoria, sleepiness
        • Addictive: Yes
      • Hallucinogens
        • Examples: marijuana, psilocybin mushrooms, LSD, peyote, mescaline, DMT, and Ketamine
        • Effect when used: mild to intense perceptual changes
        • Addictive:Yes

    Meditation

    • Meditation involves focusing on a target (like the breath), to increase awareness of the moment, clear the mind, and achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus.
    • Benefits of meditation can include reduced stress, improved focus, improved sleep, reduced pain, lowe blood pressure, reduced anxiety and other mental health issues, reduced depression, and increased compassion.

    Hypnosis

    • Hypnosis is a phenomenon characterized by heightened focus, reduced peripheral awareness, increased responsiveness to suggestion, and extreme self-focus.

    Intelligence

    • Intelligence is a general mental ability.
    • The concept of intelligence varies widely and is culturally influenced.
    • Mental tests measure intelligence through IQ tests, achievement tests, aptitude tests, mental ability tests, personality tests, which measure aspects of personality.

    Defining intelligence

    • Intelligence is a general mental ability while emphasizing personal strengths, weakness, skills and actions that can significantly improve an individual's life areas.

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    Description

    This quiz explores foundational concepts in Psychology 110, including key areas such as the history of psychology, biological factors, and psychological disorders. Examine how the mind functions, the elements of consciousness, emotion, and motivation, providing a comprehensive overview of this scientific discipline.

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