Questions and Answers
Dr. Birkin's major research interest is the development of motor skills in children. It is most likely that Dr. Birkin is a ________ psychologist.
developmental
Alyssa's good looks have led her to develop a socially confident and outgoing personality. This best illustrates the?
interaction of nature and nurture
Which of the following refers to the genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring?
During the course of successful prenatal development, a human organism begins as a(n) ________ and finally develops into a fetus.
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One of the most consistently damaging teratogens is?
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The symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome are most likely to include?
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From the first weeks of life, 'difficult' babies and 'easy' babies display differences in?
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Mr. Hersch triggered a rooting reflex in his infant son by touching him on the ________.
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A reflex refers to?
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Twin and adoption studies have been most helpful for teasing apart the influences of?
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Lacking any exposure to language before adolescence, a person will never master any language due to the ________ of unused neural connections.
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Recognizing the process of maturation helps us to understand the absence of?
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Which psychologist was most influential in shaping our understanding of cognitive development?
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Four-year-olds are not completely egocentric and 5-year-olds can exhibit some understanding of conservation. This indicates that Piaget may have underestimated the?
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The egocentrism of preschoolers was most strongly emphasized by?
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Babies less than 6 months old look longer than usual at unexpected events such as an object magically disappearing. This suggests that Piaget?
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By age 4, preschoolers begin forming a theory of mind. This suggests that Piaget overestimated young children's?
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At about 8 months, children become increasingly likely to react to newcomers with tears and distress. This best illustrates?
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Studies of monkeys raised with artificial mothers suggest that mother-infant emotional bonds result primarily from mothers providing infants with?
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Many researchers believe that adult styles of romantic love correspond with childhood patterns of?
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Marlys is a sensitive, responsive parent who consistently satisfies the needs of Sara, her infant daughter. According to Erikson, Sara is likely to?
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One-year-old Eunice is not overly fearful of strangers but she clearly prefers being held by her mother than by anyone else. Her behavior best illustrates?
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Edith abuses both her 3-year-old and 1-year-old daughters. Her behavior is most likely related to a lack of?
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The Rajans use harsh discipline on their children and demand unquestioning obedience. Psychologists are likely to characterize the Rajans as ________ parents.
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Parents in Asian cultures are more likely than parents in Westernized cultures to encourage children to?
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Study Notes
Developmental Psychology Overview
- Dr. Birkin focuses on motor skills in children, categorizing him as a developmental psychologist.
- The interplay of genetics and environment is illustrated by Alyssa's confident personality, showcasing the interaction of nature and nurture.
Genetic Fundamentals
- Heredity refers to the genetic inheritance of traits from parents to offspring.
- A human embryo begins its development as a zygote and progresses to a fetus.
Prenatal Influences
- Alcohol is identified as one of the most harmful teratogens during pregnancy.
- Fetal alcohol syndrome symptoms often include mental retardation, highlighting prenatal risks.
Infant Temperament
- Infants display varying temperaments, categorized as “difficult” or “easy” from their first weeks of life.
- Mr. Hersch engaging his baby’s rooting reflex by touching the cheek exemplifies instinctual responses.
Reflexes and Sensory Responses
- A reflex is an automatic reaction to sensory inputs, an innate response mechanism.
Nature vs. Nurture Studies
- Twin and adoption studies are critical for understanding the distinct influences of nature and nurture.
- Pruning refers to the elimination of unused neural connections critical for language acquisition before adolescence.
Cognitive Development
- Recognition of maturation explains why 2-year-olds may lack bladder control.
- Jean Piaget significantly advanced the field of cognitive development theories.
Cognitive Continuity
- Four and five-year-old children exhibit signs that Piaget may have underestimated the continuity of cognitive development.
- Piaget emphasized preschoolers' egocentrism, impacting our understanding of their perspective-taking abilities.
Infant Cognition
- Babies under six months display surprise at unexpected occurrences, indicating that Piaget might have underestimated infants' cognitive abilities.
- By age four, children begin forming a theory of mind, suggesting a decrease in egocentrism.
Attachment and Emotional Bonds
- Stranger anxiety typically arises in children around 8 months, marking a developmental milestone.
- Studies on monkeys indicate that maternal bonding results primarily from providing contact comfort.
Love and Attachment Patterns
- Adult romantic styles of love often reflect childhood attachment patterns.
Trust and Parenting Styles
- Sensitive and responsive parenting likely fosters a child's lifelong sense of basic trust in the world, as per Erikson's theory.
- Secure attachment is illustrated by Eunice's preference for her mother's embrace over strangers.
Impact of Early Relationships
- Negative parenting behaviors, such as abuse, can stem from a lack of secure attachment in one’s own childhood.
- Parents classified as authoritarian prioritize strict discipline and unyielding obedience.
Cultural Parenting Practices
- In Asian cultures, children are more frequently encouraged to participate in household activities compared to their Western counterparts.
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Description
Test your knowledge of developmental psychology concepts with this quiz based on Psychology 100. Each question explores key theories and research findings related to how motor skills and personality develop throughout life. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of human development.
