Developmental Psychology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What do teratogens do during prenatal development?

  • Impair the development of the unborn child. (correct)
  • Enhance the mother’s physical well-being.
  • Support cognitive development in infants.
  • Assist in the healthy growth of the fetus.

In the cephalocaudal principle of development, which motor skills are acquired earliest?

  • Skills involving the legs.
  • Skills involving the head. (correct)
  • Skills involving the arms.
  • Skills involving the trunk.

What is a key characteristic of the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development?

  • Ability to perform conservation tasks.
  • Formation of complex social relationships.
  • Understanding that objects continue to exist when not visible. (correct)
  • Development of advanced logical thinking.

How does accommodation differ from assimilation in cognitive development?

<p>Accommodation involves revising schemas based on new information, while assimilation applies existing schemas. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the embryonic stage of prenatal development?

<p>The formation of key structures like arms and legs occurs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic best differentiates the preoperational stage from the concrete operational stage?

<p>Focus on egocentric perspectives (A), Understanding of conservation (C), Ability to think logically about concrete events (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the zone of proximal development (ZPD) play in Vygotsky's perspective on cognitive development?

<p>It highlights the range of assistance necessary for learning new tasks. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Piaget's conservation test reveal about children in the preoperational stage?

<p>They cannot understand that quantity remains the same despite changes in form. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which attachment style is characterized by an infant showing a lack of consistent response to a caregiver's departure and return?

<p>Disorganized attachment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do children with autism typically struggle with theory of mind?

<p>They have difficulty recognizing differing perspectives. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements accurately represents a criticism of Piaget's cognitive development theory?

<p>Language and social interaction are more critical than he acknowledged. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the shifts in moral thinking as children grow older is true?

<p>Older children see moral rules as social constructs, rather than just prescriptions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Kohlberg's stages of moral development, which stage emphasizes adhering to societal norms?

<p>Conventional stage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

<p>It emphasizes the importance of reasoning over moral behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding the effects of puberty on girls?

<p>Girls who reach puberty early face heightened risks, including depression. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes primary and secondary sex characteristics?

<p>Primary sex characteristics include bodily structures like menstruation and ejaculation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about cognitive decline in older adults?

<p>Older adults employ compensatory strategies to counteract cognitive decline. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of Erikson's stages relates to adolescence and focuses on self-identity?

<p>Identity vs. Role Confusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the cephalocaudal principle in development refer to?

<p>Motor skills develop sequentially from head to feet. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the relation between the stages of prenatal development and their duration?

<p>Germinal stage (0–2 weeks), embryonic stage (2–8 weeks), fetal stage (9 weeks–birth) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which stage is characterized by the ability to think logically about concrete events but not yet understand abstract concepts?

<p>Concrete operational stage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best represents the concept of assimilation in cognitive development?

<p>Applying an existing schema to a new situation with similar characteristics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one defining feature of the formal operational stage of cognitive development?

<p>Capacity for abstract thought and systematic reasoning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle states that motor skills develop from the head down to the feet?

<p>Cephalocaudal principle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the sensorimotor stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

<p>Experiencing the world through movement and senses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes accommodation in cognitive development?

<p>Modifying schemas based on new experiences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What issue do children in the preoperational stage typically struggle with according to Piaget?

<p>Conservation of volume and number (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of the formal operational stage in cognitive development?

<p>Ability to think abstractly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do children often fail the false belief test during the preoperational stage?

<p>They cannot consider multiple perspectives (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What criticism addresses Piaget's timeline for cognitive abilities?

<p>Underestimation of children’s abilities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'egocentrism' refer to in the context of child development?

<p>A lack of understanding of others' perspectives (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concrete operational stage differ from the preoperational stage?

<p>Greater logical understanding of tangible concepts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Piaget's theory, what role does culture play according to Vygotsky's perspective?

<p>It is critical to the child's cognitive development process (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary developmental task that occurs during the preoperational stage?

<p>Establishing symbolic thinking and language use (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which attachment style is characterized by an infant showing no distress when the caregiver leaves and avoiding them upon return?

<p>Avoidant attachment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the impact of early interactions with caregivers on adult beliefs about relationships?

<p>Internal working model of attachment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of moral reasoning focuses on adhering to societal rules and norms?

<p>Conventional stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Research indicates that sexual orientation is influenced primarily by which factors?

<p>Genetic, biological, and environmental factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What moral shift occurs when children begin to understand that moral rules are social constructs?

<p>Shift from realism to relativism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which attachment style results in an infant being distressed when the caregiver leaves and expressing negativity upon their return?

<p>Ambivalent attachment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary impact does temperament have on a child's development of attachment?

<p>It influences the child’s emotional responses and interactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence for girls who experience early puberty?

<p>Higher risk of depression and risky behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which criticism of Kohlberg's theory suggests an overemphasis on Western values?

<p>Cultural bias (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do older adults primarily focus on in their later years?

<p>Emotionally satisfying experiences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Developmental Psychology

The study of how people grow and change physically, cognitively, and socially throughout their lives.

Zygote

A fertilized egg containing genetic material from both sperm and egg.

Object Permanence

Understanding that objects continue to exist even when hidden.

Cephalocaudal principle

Motor skills develop from head to feet.

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Proximodistal principle

Motor skills develop from the center of the body outward.

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Preoperational Stage

A stage of cognitive development (ages 2-6) where children begin symbolic thought, language, imagination, but struggle with logic and understanding others' perspectives. They exhibit egocentrism and can't grasp conservation.

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Conservation

The understanding that certain properties (like volume, mass, number) remain the same despite changes in the object's form or arrangement.

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Concrete Operational Stage

A stage of cognitive development (ages 6-11) where children can think logically about concrete events and understand concepts like conservation and reversibility. Their thinking is less egocentric.

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Formal Operational Stage

A stage of cognitive development (ages 11+) where individuals can think abstractly, logically, and systematically about complex concepts and hypotheticals.

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Egocentrism

The tendency to view the world from one's own perspective and have difficulty understanding others' viewpoints. Common in the preoperational stage.

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Theory of Mind

The understanding that others have thoughts, beliefs, desires, and perspectives that differ from one's own.

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Internal Working Model of Attachment

Beliefs about how relationships work, developed from early caregiver interactions.

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Kohlberg's Preconventional Stage

Moral reasoning based on consequences (rewards/punishments).

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Kohlberg's Conventional Stage

Moral reasoning based on social rules and norms.

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Kohlberg's Postconventional Stage

Moral reasoning based on ethical principles & universal values.

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Primary Sex Characteristics

Body structures directly related to reproduction.

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Identity vs. Role Confusion (Erikson)

Adolescents develop a sense of self during this stage.

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Teratogens

Substances that harm unborn baby development.

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Cephalocaudal Principle

Motor skills develop from head to toe.

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Object Permanence

Understanding that objects exist even when hidden.

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Assimilation

Using existing knowledge to understand something new.

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Conservation

Understanding that amount stays the same despite shape changes.

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Egocentrism

Thinking only from your own perspective.

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Sensorimotor Stage

Early childhood stage of learning through senses and movement.

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Proximodistal Principle

Motor skills develop from the center of the body outward.

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Object Permanence

Understanding that objects continue to exist even when hidden.

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Schema

A mental model for organizing and interpreting info about the world.

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Assimilation

Using existing schemas to understand new situations.

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Accommodation

Adjusting schemas to fit new information.

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Sensorimotor Stage

Infants learn through movement and senses, developing object permanence.

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Conservation

Understanding that amount stays the same despite change in shape/arrangement.

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Preoperational Stage

Thinking lacks logic; focuses on looks, struggles with others' perspectives; egocentric.

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Egocentrism

Difficulty understanding others' perspectives

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Theory of Mind

Understanding that others have thoughts and feelings different from your own.

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Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

The range of tasks a child can perform with help, but not independently.

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Attachment

Emotional bond between infant and caregiver, offering security.

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Harlow's Study (monkeys)

Monkeys preferred comfort over food for attachment.

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Internal Working Model of Attachment

Beliefs about relationships, influenced by early caregiver interactions.

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Kohlberg's Moral Stages

Stages in moral reasoning, from consequences to ethical principles.

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Preconventional Stage (Moral Reasoning)

Moral reasoning based on consequences (rewards/punishments).

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Conventional Stage (Moral Reasoning)

Moral reasoning based on social rules and order.

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Identity vs. Role Confusion (Erikson)

Adolescents develop a sense of self; failure leads to insecurity.

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Primary Sex Characteristics

Reproductive bodily structures.

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Cognitive Decline in Older Adults

Older adults show more decline in working memory and episodic memory.

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Study Notes

Developmental Psychology

  • Study of how people change physically, cognitively, and socially throughout their lives.

Prenatal Development

  • Zygote: Fertilized egg with genetic material from both parents.
  • Germinal Stage (0-2 weeks): Zygote divides and implants in the uterine wall.
  • Embryonic Stage (2-8 weeks): Embryo forms structures like arms, legs, and a beating heart.
  • Fetal Stage (9 weeks-birth): Fetus develops muscles, skeleton, and brain connections (including myelination).
  • Teratogens: Substances (like alcohol, tobacco, toxins) that harm unborn child's development.

Principles of Motor Development

  • Cephalocaudal Principle: Motor skills develop head-to-toe.
  • Proximodistal Principle: Motor skills develop center-outward.

Cognitive Development

  • Schema: Mental frameworks for organizing and interpreting information.
  • Assimilation: Applying existing schemas to new situations.
  • Accommodation: Modifying schemas to fit new information.

Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

  • Sensorimotor (0-2 years): Experiences world through senses and movement; develops object permanence.
  • Preoperational (2-6 years): Develops language and imagination but lacks conservation and logical reasoning; egocentric thinking.
  • Concrete Operational (6-11 years): Thinks logically about concrete events; understands conservation and reversibility.
  • Formal Operational (11+ years): Thinks abstractly and logically about hypothetical situations.

Key Concepts in Cognitive Development

  • Object Permanence: Understanding objects exist even when unseen.
  • Conservation: Recognizing properties stay the same despite changes in appearance.
  • Egocentrism: Difficulty understanding others' perspectives.
  • Theory of Mind: Understanding others have thoughts, beliefs, desires, and perspectives different from your own.
    • Develops around ages 4-5.
    • Linked to autism difficulties in social interactions and communication.
    • False Belief Test: Assesses understanding that others can have beliefs different from one's own.

Criticisms of Piaget's Theory

  • Underestimates children's abilities.
  • Stages may be less rigid.
  • Underestimates cultural influences.
  • Neglects language and learning.

Vygotsky's Social Constructivist View

  • Emphasizes social interaction and culture in cognitive development.
  • Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): Tasks a child can do with help but not independently.
  • Scaffolding: Support provided by more knowledgeable others to aid learning.

Attachment Theory

  • Attachment: Emotional bond between infant and caregiver.
  • Harlow's Study: Monkeys preferred comfort over food.
  • Attachment Styles:
    • Secure: Distress upon separation, comfort upon return
    • Ambivalent: Intense distress upon separation, mixed reactions upon return
    • Avoidant: No distress upon separation, avoids caregiver upon return
    • Disorganized: Inconsistent reactions
  • Internal Working Model: Beliefs about how relationships work, influenced by early experiences.
  • Temperament: Biologically based characteristics influencing how infants react to their environment and caregivers.

Moral Development

  • Kohlberg's Theory: Evaluates moral reasoning using moral dilemmas.
  • Preconventional Stage: Focuses on consequences (rewards/punishments).
  • Conventional Stage: Emphasizes social rules and norms.
  • Postconventional Stage: Guided by ethical principles and universal values.
  • Criticisms: Cultural and gender bias, overemphasis on reasoning.

Adolescent Development

  • Identity vs. Role Confusion (Erikson): Adolescents develop a sense of self.

Adulthood Development

  • Cognitive Decline: More pronounced working memory problems than long-term memory declines, especially in episodic memory.
  • Compensation Strategies: Focusing on key info, anticipating outcomes, recruiting additional brain regions, and relying on experience/expertise.

Older Adulthood

  • Focus of Thought: Emotionally satisfying experiences and positive information.
  • Happiness: Older adults frequently report happiness and life satisfaction.
  • Social Preferences: Spend time with close family and friends.
  • Marital Satisfaction: Tends to follow a U-shaped pattern increasing in older adulthood.

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