Psychologie général séquence 2
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Questions and Answers

Quelle thèse affirme que la personnalité est entièrement déterminée par l'environnement ?

  • La thèse de l'interaction hérédité-environnement
  • La thèse de l'environnement acquis (correct)
  • La thèse de l'hérédité innée
  • La thèse des traits biologiques

Les jumeaux identiques présentent plus de similitudes en personnalité que les jumeaux fraternels.

True (A)

Qu'est-ce que la neurobiologie de la personnalité étudie ?

Les bases biologiques associées aux différents traits de personnalité.

La personnalité est partiellement déterminée par l'________ et l'environnement.

<p>hérédité</p> Signup and view all the answers

Assignez chaque type de jumeaux à leur caractéristique :

<p>Jumeaux identiques = Partagent le même ADN Jumeaux fraternels = Pas plus similaires que des frères et sœurs ordinaires</p> Signup and view all the answers

Depuis quand les recherches se concentrent-elles sur les mécanismes cérébraux liés aux gènes ?

<p>Années 90 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Les facteurs environnementaux n'ont aucun impact sur le développement de la personnalité.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quel est le mécanisme de défense que Freud considère comme le plus important?

<p>Le refoulement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Utiliser des mécanismes de défense est toujours malsain.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quel rôle le surmoi joue-t-il dans la dynamique des pulsions?

<p>Il représente la morale et les valeurs sociales qui interdisent certaines pulsions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Le mécanisme de défense qui implique de rediriger une pulsion vers un autre objet est appelé __________.

<p>déplacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

Associez chaque mécanisme de défense à son exemple:

<p>Refoulement = Ignorer des souvenirs traumatisants Rationalisation = Justifier un échec en invoquant une cause externe Projection = Accuser les autres de ressentiments que l'on éprouve soi-même Déplacement = Exprimer sa colère contre un collègue au lieu de son supérieur</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quelle version du gène DRD4 est associée à un niveau d'extraversion plus élevé?

<p>Version courte (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

L'environnement n'a pas d'impact sur notre personnalité.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quel facteur peut contrebalancer l'influence génétique sur la personnalité?

<p>L'environnement</p> Signup and view all the answers

Une température élevée montre un lien avec l'________.

<p>agressivité</p> Signup and view all the answers

Assortissez les facteurs d'influence sur la personnalité avec leurs impacts associés :

<p>Mode de vie = Influe selon le milieu naturel Famille = Premier cadre de référence Classe sociale = Type de logement et quartier Expériences uniques = Peuvent façonner la personnalité</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quel est l'impact de vivre dans une région montagneuse sur la personnalité?

<p>Influence des traits de personnalité (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

La personnalité est uniquement déterminée par des facteurs héréditaires.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Donnez un exemple d'une expérience unique qui peut influencer la personnalité.

<p>Maladie, mort d'un proche, accident</p> Signup and view all the answers

La classe sociale influence le type de _________ que l'enfant fréquente.

<p>scolarité</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quel est le but principal de la psychanalyse selon Freud?

<p>Amener à la conscience les conflits refoulés (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Le ça est présent uniquement à l'âge adulte.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quelles sont les trois instances de la personnalité selon Freud?

<p>le ça, le moi, le surmoi</p> Signup and view all the answers

Le _______ est régi par le principe de la réalité.

<p>moi</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quel principe régit le ça?

<p>Le principe du plaisir (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Le surmoi représente les désirs et pulsions instinctives.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quelle énergie est considérée comme le siège de la libido?

<p>l'énergie sexuelle instinctive</p> Signup and view all the answers

La personnalité selon la deuxième topique de Freud se compose de trois éléments: le ça, le moi et le _______.

<p>surmoi</p> Signup and view all the answers

Associez chaque instance de la personnalité à son rôle principal:

<p>Ça = Recherche du plaisir immédiat Moi = Gestion des pulsions Surmoi = Normes morales et sociales</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quel aspect le moi prend-il en compte dans ses décisions?

<p>La réalité et les exigences du surmoi (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quel est le rôle principal du surmoi dans la personnalité?

<p>Appliquer les normes sociales de moralité (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Le surmoi est inné et n'est pas influencé par l'environnement social.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quels sont les trois instances de la personnalité selon la théorie freudienne?

<p>Surmoi, Moi, Ça</p> Signup and view all the answers

Le surmoi vise la __________.

<p>perfection</p> Signup and view all the answers

Associez chaque instance aux caractéristiques correspondantes :

<p>Surmoi = Acquis Moi = Organe directeur Ça = Vise le plaisir</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quel est le risque si l'une des instances de la personnalité domine?

<p>Troubles psychologiques (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Le principe de réalité est associé au surmoi.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Comment le surmoi affecte-t-il la conscience morale?

<p>Il sert de conscience morale et impose des normes éthiques.</p> Signup and view all the answers

La cohabitation harmonieuse des trois instances permet un équilibre __________.

<p>psychique</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quel principe caractérise le Ça?

<p>Vise le plaisir (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Personality Heredity

The influence of genetic factors on personality traits.

Twin Studies

Research comparing identical (monozygotic) and fraternal (dizygotic) twins to estimate the heritability of personality traits.

Identical Twins

Twins that developed from one fertilized egg, thus sharing almost identical genetic material.

Fraternal Twins

Twins that developed from two separate fertilized eggs, thus sharing about half of their genetic material, similar to any other siblings.

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Neurobiology of Personality

The study of the brain mechanisms that genes influence, which are related to our personality.

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Personality Traits

Characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

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Personality heritability

The proportion of variation in personality that can be attributed to genetic factors.

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Genes influence personality

Certain genes, like the DRD4 gene, are associated with personality traits. People with a shorter version of a gene might be more extraverted.

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Environmental impact

Experiences, lifestyle, and social settings (family, class, community) affect personality development.

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Nature and personality

Studies suggest that the environment, specifically mountainous regions, might influence personality traits.

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Climate and personality

Higher temperatures are correlated with instances of aggressiveness.

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Social factors

Living in a smaller community or a large city might shape personality traits differently.

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Family influence

Family is a primary social environment and shapes an individual’s framework.

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Social class impact

Social class influences factors like housing, neighborhood, and education, which contribute to the development of the personality.

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Unique experiences impact personality

Experiences like illness, death of a loved one, accidents, modify one’s personality.

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Personality is complex

Personality arises from both genetics and environmental factors in a dynamic, intertwined manner.

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Freud's Psychoanalysis

A therapy aiming to bring unconscious conflicts and repressed feelings into awareness.

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Id

Part of personality present from birth; driven by immediate pleasure and instinctual needs.

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Ego

The rational part of personality; balances the Id's desires with the demands of reality and the superego.

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Superego

The moral part of personality; internalizes societal rules and values.

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Psychoanalytic theory

A broad study of the human mind and behavior.

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First Topic

A method used to describe the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious mind.

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Second Topic

A method used to describe the interactions between the Id, Ego, and Superego.

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Principle of Pleasure

The driving force of the Id, seeking immediate satisfaction of needs.

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Principle of Reality

The Ego's guiding principle, balancing desires with the real-world constraints.

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Libido

A crucial life force that drives pleasure, initially in early childhood; later focused toward adulthood.

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Id (Freud)

The primal part of the personality, present at birth, containing basic instincts such as hunger, thirst, and aggression.

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Superego (Freud)

The part of the personality that incorporates societal values and moral standards, often learned from parents and cultural influences.

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Defense Mechanisms (Freud)

Unconscious strategies used by the ego to protect itself from anxiety-provoking thoughts and feelings.

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Displacement (Defense Mechanism)

Redirecting unacceptable feelings or impulses from the original source to a less threatening target.

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Repression (Defense Mechanism)

Unconsciously pushing threatening or unacceptable thoughts and feelings out of awareness to reduce anxiety.

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Id

The primitive part of the personality driven by the pleasure principle. It seeks immediate gratification of needs.

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Ego

The part of the personality that mediates between the id and the external world. It operates under the reality principle.

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Superego

The part of the personality that represents internalized societal and parental standards of morality. It operates under the morality principle.

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Pleasure Principle

The driving force behind the id, seeking immediate satisfaction of desires and needs.

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Reality Principle

The guiding principle of the ego, which takes into account the constraints of the external world.

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Morality Principle

The guiding principle of the superego, imposing moral standards.

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Personality Equilibrium

A harmonious balance between the id, ego, and superego in a person.

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Psychological Disturbances

Outcomes from conflicts or imbalances between the id, ego, and superego.

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Origin of psychological conflicts

The cause of issues relating to the imbalance of id, ego and superego in a person.

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Superego formation

The development of the superego happens in childhood through internalizing parental figures and societal morals.

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Study Notes

I. Introduction

  • Personality Definition: Psychologists focus on unique characteristics distinguishing individuals. Personality is a relatively stable collection of attitudes, emotions, dreams, loves, habits, etc., making each person distinct.
  • General Characteristic: Personality is a consistent and long-lasting pattern of behavior, according to Larousse and Le Petit Larousse.
  • Comprehension of Personality: Personality encompasses all individual attributes – physical abilities, cognitive skills, emotional traits, and social values – influenced by societal norms (e.g., Asian and Western values).

I.A. What is Personality?

  • General Definition: Personality is the stable characteristics that set one person apart from another.
  • Larousse and Little Larousse Definition: Personality encompasses consistent and ongoing behaviors in responding to situations.
  • Expanded Definition: Personality includes sensory-motor characteristics (like sports skills), cognitive abilities (like intellectual interests), emotional factors (anxious, fearful, or angry temperament), and social attitudes/values, influenced by society's norms.

I.B. What Determines Personality?

  • Nature vs. Nurture Debate: Historically, two opposing viewpoints on personality: heritability versus environmental factors.

  • Heritability (Innate): Certain personality traits are determined entirely by genetics/biology, which is a pessimistic view as it suggests no changes possible.

  • Environment (Acquired): Personality is completely shaped by one’s environment (experiences, upbringing, social contexts). This viewpoint describes people as molded by their environment.

  • Current Understanding: Modern understanding emphasizes the interplay of both genetics and environment.

  • Heredity and Personality: Studies of identical and fraternal twins show strong genetic influences on personality traits. Neurobiological research explores the role of genes in influencing personality traits.

  • Environment and Personality: Lifestyle (e.g., natural surroundings), climate (influence on agreeableness), and constructed environment (e.g., community impact on personality) all play a role.

I.C. The Five Factor Model of Personality

  • Big Five Factors: A frequently cited model describing 5 key personality dimensions:
    • Neuroticism (Instability): emotional stability
    • Extraversion: sociability
    • Openness: willingness to experience new things.
    • Agreeableness: level of cooperation
    • Conscientiousness: diligence and self-discipline

II. Different Explanatory Theories of Personality

  • Psychoanalytic Approach (Freud): Personality is a complex interaction between conscious, preconscious, and unconscious levels.
  • Freud's Iceberg Analogy: Three levels of consciousness: Conscious (thoughts, feelings, and actions we are aware of), preconscious (material that can be easily brought into awareness), and unconscious (thoughts, feelings, and desires unavailable to conscious awareness).
  • The Id, Ego, and Superego: Three interacting parts of the psyche, each with its own function: id (primitive, pleasure-seeking), ego (rational, mediator), and superego (conscience, moral).
  • Defense Mechanisms: Coping mechanisms used by the ego to reduce anxiety resulting from conflicts between the id and superego.
  • Origin of Psychological Disorders: Unresolved unconscious conflicts can manifest as psychological disorders, often involving the need for therapy, and can address the unconscious conflicts.

II.B The Behaviorist Approach

  • Definition: Focuses on observable behaviors, influenced by learning experiences.
  • Personality as Learned Behavior: Personality is the sum total of learned behaviors and is shaped by factors like: associations (classical conditioning), consequences (operant conditioning), and observation.
  • Modeling: Learning by observing and imitating others' behaviors.
  • Evaluation: Criticized for neglecting internal processes and genetic factors.

II.C The Humanistic Approach

  • Core Beliefs: Individuals are inherently good and strive for self-actualization (reaching their full potential).
  • Uniqueness: Each person is unique and responsible for their own growth; people experience inner conflicts.
  • Self-Concept: Individual's perceptions of their own nature, qualities, and behaviors. There are conflicts that arise when the person’s self-concept does not match that of their experiences.
  • Congruence/Incongruence: The ability to live truthfully to one’s self and how life experiences match self-concept affects psychological well-being.
  • Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Individuals motivated to fulfill needs – biological and psychological – before reaching self-actualization
  • The Importance of Self-Esteem: Congruence between self-concept and experience improves self-esteem.

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Description

Ce quiz explore la définition et les caractéristiques de la personnalité selon des perspectives psychologiques. Il traite des attributs individuels et de l'influence des valeurs sociétales sur le comportement. Parfait pour ceux qui souhaitent approfondir leur compréhension de la psychologie.

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