Psychology Exam 1 Study Guide PDF

**Be able to KNOW and IDENTIFY examples of each concept. Know the SIMILARITIES and DIFFERENCES between related concepts.** Chapter 1 -- Thinking Critically with Psychological Science ----------------------------------------------------------- - Scientific Attitude & Critical Thinking - Common...

**Be able to KNOW and IDENTIFY examples of each concept. Know the SIMILARITIES and DIFFERENCES between related concepts.** Chapter 1 -- Thinking Critically with Psychological Science ----------------------------------------------------------- - Scientific Attitude & Critical Thinking - Common Sense Flaws - Fallacy of Repetition - Post-Truth Thinking - Scientific Method - Theory - Hypothesis - Operational Definitions - Exploratory Research vs. Confirmatory Research - Meta-Analysis - Descriptive Research Methods - Case Studies - Naturalistic Observation - Surveys and Interviews - Correlational Research Methods - Correlation Coefficient - Scatterplots - Positive and Negative Correlations - Illusory Correlations - Regression Towards the Mean - Experimental Research Methods - Variable Types - Experimental Group vs. Control Group - Random Assignment vs. Random Sampling - Placebos and the Placebo Effect - Double-Blind Procedure - Ethics - Statistical Literacy - Descriptive Statistics - Measures of Central Tendency - Measures of Variation - Inferential Statistics - Statistical Significance Chapter 2 -- Biology of the Mind -------------------------------- - Phrenology - Biological Psychology - Neuroplasticity - Neurons - Axons - Dendrites - Cell Body - Myelin Sheath - Synapse - Glial Cells - Action Potential - Depolarization - Repolarization - Resting Potential - Hyperpolarization - Neurotransmitters - Agonists & Antagonists - Central Nervous System - Peripheral Nervous System - Types of Neurons (Sensory, Motor, Inter) - Somatic Nervous System - Autonomic Nervous System - Sympathetic Nervous System - Parasympathetic Nervous System - Reflexes - The division of the nervous system (i.e. what order they are divided into) - Endocrine System - Hormones - Adrenal & Pituitary Glands - Tools Used to Study the Brain - Hindbrain, Midbrain, Forebrain - Brainstem - Medulla - Pons - Thalamus - Reticular Formation - Cerebellum - Limbic System - Hypothalamus - Amygdala - Hippocampus - Cerebrum/Cerebral Cortex - Frontal Lobe - Temporal Lobe - Occipital Lobe - Parietal Lobe - Functions of the Cortex - Motor - Sensory - Association Areas - Damage to the Brain/The Split Brain - Lateralization - Why do we split the brain? - Roles of the right vs. left hemispheres Chapter 4 -- Nature, Nurture, & Human Diversity ----------------------------------------------- - Nature vs. Nurture - Heredity - Behavior Genetics - Genetic Code - Genome - DNA - Gene - Expression of Genes - Polygenic - Identical vs. Fraternal Twins - Why do researchers do twin and adoption studies? - Studying identical vs. fraternal twins - Separated twins - Adoption studies - Role of Parenting - Heritability - Molecular Behavior Genetics - Epigenetics - Epigenetic markers - Evolutionary Psychology - Natural Selection - Fitness - Mutation - Natural Brain Maturation & Pruning - Culture - Cultural Norms - Tight vs. Loose Cultures - Culture Shock - Individualist vs. Collectivist Cultures - Gender - The Nature and Nurture of Gender - Genes/Biology - Gender Roles - Gender Identity Chapter 5 -- Development Across the Lifespan -------------------------------------------- - Developmental Psychology - Three major issues studied - Prenatal Development - Stages of Prenatal Development - Teratogens - Newborn Development - Temperament - Newborn Reflexes - Infancy & Childhood - Maturation - Infantile Amnesia - Cognition - Egocentrism - Piaget's Theory - Stages - Assimilation vs. Accommodation - Schemas - Vygotsky's Theory - Theory of Mind - Attachment - How does it form? - Critical period - Secure vs. Insecure Attachment - Self-Concept - Parenting Styles - Authoritative - Authoritarian - Permissive - Neglectful - Adolescence & Emerging Adulthood - Adolescence - Puberty - Pruning - Brain Development in Teens - Self-Focus - Imaginary Audience - Personal Fable - Kohlberg's Theory of Morality - Haidt's Theory of Morality - Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development - Identity - Emerging Aduthood - Adulthood - Phases of Adulthood - Physical Changes - Cognitive Changes - Neurocognitive Disorders - Midlife Crises/Transition Chapter 7 -- Learning --------------------- - Learning by Association - Classical Conditioning - Ivan Pavlov's Experimentation - Stimulus - Neutral Stimuli - Unconditioned Stimuli - Conditioned Stimuli - Unconditioned Response - Conditioned Response - Other Concepts - Acquisition - Higher-Order/Second-Order Conditioning - Extinction - Spontaneous Recovery - Generalization - Discrimination - John B. Watson's Experimentation - Mary Cover Jones & De-Conditioning Fear - Operant Conditioning - Reinforcement vs. Punishment - B.F. Skinner's Experimentation - Operant Chamber/ Skinner Box - Law of Effect - Shaping - Types of Reinforcement and Punishment - Positive Reinforcement - Negative Reinforcement - Positive Punishment - Negative Punishment - Primary vs. Secondary Reinforcers - Immediate vs. Delayed Reinforcers - Reinforcement Schedules - Continuous Reinforcement - Partial Reinforcement - Fixed Ratio - Variable Ratio - Fixed Interval - Variable Interval - Similarities and Differences between Classical and Operant Conditioning - Roles of Biology and Cognition in Learning - Observational Learning - Modeling - Albert Bandura's Work - Mirror Neurons - Learning and Prosocial vs. Antisocial Behaviors