Psychogenesis of Psychology

Democritus: Proposed the mind is made up of atoms interacting with the brain.
Plato: Viewed the soul as distinct and divine, comprising three elements of the psyche:
- Reason: Head
- Spirited Element: Heart
- Bodily Appetites and Desires: Diaphragm
Aristotle: Considered the father of psychology, author of "De anima" focused on the soul's three functions:
- Vegetative: Basic maintenance
- Appetitive: Desires and motives
- Rational: Reasoning
Hippocrates: Suggested mental disorders have natural causes, founding principles of modern medicine.
Galen: Linked temperament to physiological factors:
- Sanguine (cheerful)
- Phlegmatic (sluggish)
- Melancholic (sad)
- Choleric (irritable)

St. Augustine of Hippo: Integrated Christian thought with introspection.
St. Thomas of Aquinas: Merged Aristotle’s ideas with Christian doctrines on the mind and immortality.

Rudolf Gockel: Coined the term "psychology," meaning the study of the soul.
Francis Bacon: Advocated for psychology as a separate scientific discipline.
Rene Descartes: Introduced dualism; emphasized mind-body interaction.
Thomas Hobbes: Conceptualized humans as physical mechanisms.
John Locke: Proposed the mind as a blank slate (tabula rasa).
George Berkeley: Established "theory of knowledge," where ideas are the essence of reality.
Christian Von Wolff: Differentiated between ontology (study of being) and metaphysics (study of existence and reality).
David Hume: Clarified the distinctions between impressions (raw data) and ideas (creative interpretations).
Franz Aton Mesmer: Explored "animal magnetism" in treating hysteria.
Immanuel Kant: Argued the mind is not a blank slate, emphasizing sensory experience.
Johann Friedrich Herbart: Established psychology as a scientific field.
Ernst Weber: Suggested ideas must be stimulated to evoke sensation.
Hermann Von Helmholtz: Developed theories on color vision.
Charles Darwin: Introduced evolution and natural selection concepts.
Gustav Fechner: Examined the mind-body connection.
Paul Broca: Identified "Broca's area" related to speech fluency.
Francis Galton: Pioneered behavioral genetics and the study of human differences.

Wilhelm Wundt: Founded the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, known as the father of scientific psychology.
William James: Established American psychology, author of "Principles of Psychology."
Emil Kraepelin: Recognized as the father of modern psychiatry; described bipolar disorder.
Edward Titchener: Developed structuralism, the analysis of the mind’s basic components.

Sigmund Freud: Developed psychoanalysis, focusing on the unconscious and free association methods.
Carl Jung: Proposed theories on neurosis, analytic psychology, and the collective unconscious.
Alfred Adler: Emphasized the significance of feelings of superiority and inferiority.
Karen Horney: Developed the theory of the basic need for love and security.
Karl Pearson: Pioneered statistical analysis of behavior, including correlation and chi-squared statistics.
Charles Spearman: Established classical test theory and factor analysis.
Alfred Binet & Théodore Simon: Created the Binet-Simon scale for intelligence assessment.
Ivan Pavlov: Discovered classical conditioning through the famous dog experiment.
William McDougall: Promoted hormic psychology, focusing on innate drives.
Edward Thorndike: Known as the father of educational psychology; introduced the law of effect.
B.F. Skinner: Developed operant conditioning, distinguishing types of reinforcement and punishment:
- Positive Punishment: Adding an unpleasant outcome (e.g., spanking).
- Positive Reinforcement: Adding a desirable outcome (e.g., bonus for good work).
- Negative Punishment: Removing a pleasant stimulus (e.g., taking away a phone).
- Negative Reinforcement: Removing an unpleasant stimulus (e.g., getting out of bed to avoid a noise).