Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which personality structure operates on the pleasure principle?
Which personality structure operates on the pleasure principle?
- Trait theorists
- Id (correct)
- Superego
- Ego
Which defense mechanism functions indirectly and unconsciously?
Which defense mechanism functions indirectly and unconsciously?
- Rationalization
- Projection
- Repression (correct)
- Trait theorists
What do trait theorists use to identify clusters of behavior tendencies that occur together?
What do trait theorists use to identify clusters of behavior tendencies that occur together?
- The Big Five Factors
- Reciprocal determinism
- Factor analysis (correct)
- Social-cognitive perspective
Which personality factor is NOT part of the 'Big Five' personality factors?
Which personality factor is NOT part of the 'Big Five' personality factors?
According to the social-cognitive perspective, what influences behavior?
According to the social-cognitive perspective, what influences behavior?
What does reciprocal determinism describe?
What does reciprocal determinism describe?
What do social-cognitive theorists underemphasize according to the text?
What do social-cognitive theorists underemphasize according to the text?
What does high self-esteem correlate with according to the text?
What does high self-esteem correlate with according to the text?
What type of self-esteem is threatened by failure and criticism according to some researchers?
What type of self-esteem is threatened by failure and criticism according to some researchers?
What type of self-esteem is less fragile according to some researchers?
What type of self-esteem is less fragile according to some researchers?
What is personality?
What is personality?
According to Freud's psychoanalytic perspective, where are unacceptable thoughts and feelings hidden?
According to Freud's psychoanalytic perspective, where are unacceptable thoughts and feelings hidden?
What does the id represent in Freud's model of the mind's structure?
What does the id represent in Freud's model of the mind's structure?
Which term refers to the principle related to the pursuit of pleasure in Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
Which term refers to the principle related to the pursuit of pleasure in Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
What process involves exploring the unconscious by saying whatever comes to mind?
What process involves exploring the unconscious by saying whatever comes to mind?
What is the term for the part of the mind that operates both consciously and unconsciously in Freud's model?
What is the term for the part of the mind that operates both consciously and unconsciously in Freud's model?
According to Freud, where do psychologists believe most of the mind is hidden?
According to Freud, where do psychologists believe most of the mind is hidden?
What did Freud observe in patients whose disorders had no clear physical explanations?
What did Freud observe in patients whose disorders had no clear physical explanations?
What did Freud conclude about patients' problems based on his observations?
What did Freud conclude about patients' problems based on his observations?
Which theory explores individuals' characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting?
Which theory explores individuals' characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting?
What is a characteristic of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
What is a characteristic of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
What is a risk factor for schizophrenia?
What is a risk factor for schizophrenia?
What is a characteristic of depressive disorders?
What is a characteristic of depressive disorders?
What characterizes antisocial personality disorder?
What characterizes antisocial personality disorder?
What is a symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
What is a symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
What are personality disorders characterized by?
What are personality disorders characterized by?
What is the definition of psychological disorders according to psychologists and psychiatrists?
What is the definition of psychological disorders according to psychologists and psychiatrists?
What do disturbed or dysfunctional thoughts, emotions, or behaviors in psychological disorders indicate?
What do disturbed or dysfunctional thoughts, emotions, or behaviors in psychological disorders indicate?
What is a risk factor for the development of psychological disorders?
What is a risk factor for the development of psychological disorders?
What can drive people into poverty according to the text?
What can drive people into poverty according to the text?
What does the biopsychosocial approach to psychological disorders consider as contributing factors?
What does the biopsychosocial approach to psychological disorders consider as contributing factors?
What do rates of psychological disorders vary depending on according to the text?
What do rates of psychological disorders vary depending on according to the text?
What contributes to the development of psychological disorders?
What contributes to the development of psychological disorders?
What does poverty act as according to the text?
What does poverty act as according to the text?
What do some disorders such as schizophrenia do according to the text?
What do some disorders such as schizophrenia do according to the text?
What does a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior indicate according to psychologists and psychiatrists?
What does a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior indicate according to psychologists and psychiatrists?
What does disturbed or dysfunctional thoughts, emotions, or behaviors in psychological disorders signify?
What does disturbed or dysfunctional thoughts, emotions, or behaviors in psychological disorders signify?
What is the goal of psychoanalysis?
What is the goal of psychoanalysis?
What distinguishes behavior therapies from insight therapies?
What distinguishes behavior therapies from insight therapies?
What characterizes biomedical therapy?
What characterizes biomedical therapy?
What is the main difference between psychotherapy and biomedical therapy?
What is the main difference between psychotherapy and biomedical therapy?
What does an eclectic approach to psychotherapy involve?
What does an eclectic approach to psychotherapy involve?
What is the primary goal of behavior therapies?
What is the primary goal of behavior therapies?
What distinguishes psychoanalytic and humanistic therapies from behavior therapies?
What distinguishes psychoanalytic and humanistic therapies from behavior therapies?
What is the role of a trained therapist in biomedical therapy?
What is the role of a trained therapist in biomedical therapy?
What is the key focus of psychotherapy?
What is the key focus of psychotherapy?
Which type of therapy focuses on historical reconstruction, hypnosis, and free association?
Which type of therapy focuses on historical reconstruction, hypnosis, and free association?
What is the primary goal of psychodynamic therapy?
What is the primary goal of psychodynamic therapy?
Which form of behavior therapy substitutes negative responses for positive ones to create aversion to harmful stimuli?
Which form of behavior therapy substitutes negative responses for positive ones to create aversion to harmful stimuli?
What is the focus of person-centered therapy?
What is the focus of person-centered therapy?
What do cognitive therapies aim to teach?
What do cognitive therapies aim to teach?
What does cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) combine?
What does cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) combine?
What type of therapy uses consequences to drive behavior?
What type of therapy uses consequences to drive behavior?
Which type of psychotherapy works best for phobias?
Which type of psychotherapy works best for phobias?
What are the three basic benefits offered by psychotherapies?
What are the three basic benefits offered by psychotherapies?
When seeking therapy, what is important to inquire about according to the text?
When seeking therapy, what is important to inquire about according to the text?
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Study Notes
Understanding Mental Disorders: Anxiety, OCD, PTSD, Depression, Bipolar Disorder, Suicide, Schizophrenia, and Personality Disorders
- Anxiety disorders are characterized by persistent anxiety, maladaptive behaviors, and autonomic nervous system arousal.
- Specific anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and phobias, each with distinct symptoms.
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) involves persistent and repetitive thoughts and actions that interfere with everyday life, more common among teens and young adults.
- Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, and jumpy anxiety, with a higher risk for women and specific vulnerable groups.
- Depressive disorders are widespread, with women at nearly double the risk of men, often triggered by stressful events, affecting the brain's activity and neurotransmitter levels.
- The social-cognitive perspective explains how negative beliefs and assumptions contribute to the cycle of depression.
- Suicide involves 1 million people worldwide and is more likely with a diagnosis of depression or when individuals feel disconnected or burdensome to others.
- Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) includes various self-harming behaviors such as cutting, burning, and hitting oneself.
- Schizophrenia is characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and inappropriate emotional expression.
- Chronic and acute schizophrenia have different onset and development patterns, with risk factors including prenatal environment and genetics.
- Personality disorders are disruptive and enduring behavior patterns impairing social functioning, categorized into three clusters, including antisocial personality disorder.
- Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by a lack of conscience, impulsivity, and irresponsibility, with genetic predispositions interacting with the environment to produce altered brain activity.
Therapies in Psychology
- Psychodynamic therapy involves historical reconstruction, hypnosis, and free association to interpret resistance and transference.
- The goal of psychodynamic therapy is to help people understand current symptoms and explore defended-against thoughts and feelings.
- Humanistic therapies emphasize people’s potential for self-fulfillment, reducing inner conflicts, and promoting personal growth.
- Person-centered therapy, a type of humanistic therapy, focuses on conscious self-perceptions and uses active listening and unconditional positive regard.
- Behavior therapies include classical conditioning techniques, counterconditioning, exposure therapies, systematic desensitization, and aversive conditioning.
- Aversion therapy, a form of behavior therapy, substitutes negative responses for positive ones to create aversion to harmful stimuli.
- Operant conditioning therapy and behavior modification use consequences to drive behavior and reinforce desired behavior.
- Cognitive therapies teach new, adaptive ways of thinking and aim to alter behavior and thinking, such as Beck’s therapy for depression.
- Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is an integrative therapy that combines cognitive and behavior therapy to alter behavior and thinking.
- Different forms of psychotherapy work best for specific problems, such as behavior therapies for phobias and cognitive therapies for anxiety and depression.
- Psychotherapies offer three basic benefits: hope, a new perspective, and an empathic, trusting, caring relationship.
- When seeking therapy, it is important to inquire about treatment approach, values, credentials, fees, and to establish a comfortable bond with the therapist.
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