Personality Theories Overview Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which personality structure operates on the pleasure principle?

Trait theorists

Id (correct)

Superego

Ego

Which defense mechanism functions indirectly and unconsciously?

Rationalization

Projection

Repression (correct)

Trait theorists

What do trait theorists use to identify clusters of behavior tendencies that occur together?

The Big Five Factors

Reciprocal determinism

Factor analysis (correct)

Social-cognitive perspective

Which personality factor is NOT part of the 'Big Five' personality factors?

Secure self-esteem Signup and view all the answers

According to the social-cognitive perspective, what influences behavior?

Interaction between people’s traits and their social context Signup and view all the answers

What does reciprocal determinism describe?

Interaction and mutual influence of behavior, internal personal factors, and environmental factors Signup and view all the answers

What do social-cognitive theorists underemphasize according to the text?

Importance of unconscious motives, emotions, and biologically influenced traits Signup and view all the answers

What does high self-esteem correlate with according to the text?

Less pressure to conform, persistence at difficult tasks, happiness Signup and view all the answers

What type of self-esteem is threatened by failure and criticism according to some researchers?

Defensive self-esteem Signup and view all the answers

What type of self-esteem is less fragile according to some researchers?

Secure self-esteem Signup and view all the answers

What is personality?

An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud's psychoanalytic perspective, where are unacceptable thoughts and feelings hidden?

Unconscious mind Signup and view all the answers

What does the id represent in Freud's model of the mind's structure?

Totally unconscious Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the principle related to the pursuit of pleasure in Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

Pleasure principle Signup and view all the answers

What process involves exploring the unconscious by saying whatever comes to mind?

Free association Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the part of the mind that operates both consciously and unconsciously in Freud's model?

Ego Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, where do psychologists believe most of the mind is hidden?

Beneath the conscious surface Signup and view all the answers

What did Freud observe in patients whose disorders had no clear physical explanations?

Unacceptable thoughts and feelings reflected in their problems Signup and view all the answers

What did Freud conclude about patients' problems based on his observations?

Their problems reflected unacceptable thoughts and feelings hidden away in the unconscious mind. Signup and view all the answers

Which theory explores individuals' characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting?

Psychoanalytic Theory Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

Involves persistent and repetitive thoughts and actions Signup and view all the answers

What is a risk factor for schizophrenia?

Prenatal environment Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of depressive disorders?

Affects the brain's activity and neurotransmitter levels Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes antisocial personality disorder?

Lack of conscience and impulsivity Signup and view all the answers

What is a symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

Haunting memories and nightmares Signup and view all the answers

What are personality disorders characterized by?

Disruptive and enduring behavior patterns impairing social functioning Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of psychological disorders according to psychologists and psychiatrists?

Marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior Signup and view all the answers

What do disturbed or dysfunctional thoughts, emotions, or behaviors in psychological disorders indicate?

Maladaptive nature Signup and view all the answers

What is a risk factor for the development of psychological disorders?

Poverty Signup and view all the answers

What can drive people into poverty according to the text?

Some disorders such as schizophrenia Signup and view all the answers

What does the biopsychosocial approach to psychological disorders consider as contributing factors?

Biological, psychological, and social factors Signup and view all the answers

What do rates of psychological disorders vary depending on according to the text?

Time and place of the survey Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the development of psychological disorders?

Conditions and experiences associated with poverty Signup and view all the answers

What does poverty act as according to the text?

A contributing factor to psychological disorders Signup and view all the answers

What do some disorders such as schizophrenia do according to the text?

Drive people into poverty Signup and view all the answers

What does a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior indicate according to psychologists and psychiatrists?

Psychological disorder Signup and view all the answers

What does disturbed or dysfunctional thoughts, emotions, or behaviors in psychological disorders signify?

Maladaptive nature Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of psychoanalysis?

To bring repressed feelings into conscious awareness Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes behavior therapies from insight therapies?

They aim to modify problem behaviors using learning principles Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes biomedical therapy?

Involves treatment with medical procedures and biological treatments Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between psychotherapy and biomedical therapy?

The use of psychological techniques vs. medical procedures Signup and view all the answers

What does an eclectic approach to psychotherapy involve?

Using techniques from various forms of therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of behavior therapies?

To apply learning principles to modify problem behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes psychoanalytic and humanistic therapies from behavior therapies?

They attempt to improve functioning by increasing clients’ awareness of motives and defenses. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a trained therapist in biomedical therapy?

To offer medications and other biological treatments. Signup and view all the answers

What is the key focus of psychotherapy?

To apply psychological techniques to improve mental health Signup and view all the answers

Which type of therapy focuses on historical reconstruction, hypnosis, and free association?

Psychodynamic therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of psychodynamic therapy?

To help people understand current symptoms and explore defended-against thoughts and feelings Signup and view all the answers

Which form of behavior therapy substitutes negative responses for positive ones to create aversion to harmful stimuli?

Aversion therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of person-centered therapy?

Conscious self-perceptions and active listening Signup and view all the answers

What do cognitive therapies aim to teach?

New, adaptive ways of thinking Signup and view all the answers

What does cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) combine?

Cognitive and behavior therapy Signup and view all the answers

What type of therapy uses consequences to drive behavior?

Operant conditioning therapy Signup and view all the answers

Which type of psychotherapy works best for phobias?

Behavior therapies Signup and view all the answers

What are the three basic benefits offered by psychotherapies?

Hope, a new perspective, an empathic, trusting, caring relationship Signup and view all the answers

When seeking therapy, what is important to inquire about according to the text?

The type of therapy and approach used Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Understanding Mental Disorders: Anxiety, OCD, PTSD, Depression, Bipolar Disorder, Suicide, Schizophrenia, and Personality Disorders

Anxiety disorders are characterized by persistent anxiety, maladaptive behaviors, and autonomic nervous system arousal.
Specific anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and phobias, each with distinct symptoms.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) involves persistent and repetitive thoughts and actions that interfere with everyday life, more common among teens and young adults.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, and jumpy anxiety, with a higher risk for women and specific vulnerable groups.
Depressive disorders are widespread, with women at nearly double the risk of men, often triggered by stressful events, affecting the brain's activity and neurotransmitter levels.
The social-cognitive perspective explains how negative beliefs and assumptions contribute to the cycle of depression.
Suicide involves 1 million people worldwide and is more likely with a diagnosis of depression or when individuals feel disconnected or burdensome to others.
Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) includes various self-harming behaviors such as cutting, burning, and hitting oneself.
Schizophrenia is characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and inappropriate emotional expression.
Chronic and acute schizophrenia have different onset and development patterns, with risk factors including prenatal environment and genetics.
Personality disorders are disruptive and enduring behavior patterns impairing social functioning, categorized into three clusters, including antisocial personality disorder.
Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by a lack of conscience, impulsivity, and irresponsibility, with genetic predispositions interacting with the environment to produce altered brain activity.

Therapies in Psychology

Psychodynamic therapy involves historical reconstruction, hypnosis, and free association to interpret resistance and transference.
The goal of psychodynamic therapy is to help people understand current symptoms and explore defended-against thoughts and feelings.
Humanistic therapies emphasize people’s potential for self-fulfillment, reducing inner conflicts, and promoting personal growth.
Person-centered therapy, a type of humanistic therapy, focuses on conscious self-perceptions and uses active listening and unconditional positive regard.
Behavior therapies include classical conditioning techniques, counterconditioning, exposure therapies, systematic desensitization, and aversive conditioning.
Aversion therapy, a form of behavior therapy, substitutes negative responses for positive ones to create aversion to harmful stimuli.
Operant conditioning therapy and behavior modification use consequences to drive behavior and reinforce desired behavior.
Cognitive therapies teach new, adaptive ways of thinking and aim to alter behavior and thinking, such as Beck’s therapy for depression.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is an integrative therapy that combines cognitive and behavior therapy to alter behavior and thinking.
Different forms of psychotherapy work best for specific problems, such as behavior therapies for phobias and cognitive therapies for anxiety and depression.
Psychotherapies offer three basic benefits: hope, a new perspective, and an empathic, trusting, caring relationship.
When seeking therapy, it is important to inquire about treatment approach, values, credentials, fees, and to establish a comfortable bond with the therapist.

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Description

Test your knowledge of personality theories with this quiz covering key concepts such as psychodynamic theories, humanistic theories, trait theories, and social-cognitive theories.