Psychedelics: Salvinorin A Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason Salvinorin A is not classified as a typical opioid?

  • It has no significant effect on dopamine levels.
  • It is structurally different from opiate substances. (correct)
  • It interacts solely with serotonin receptors.
  • It possesses no psychoactive properties.

    • Which neurotransmitter's release is inhibited by Salvinorin A in the hippocampus, potentially affecting memory and learning?

  • Dopamine
  • Serotonin (correct)
  • Epinephrine
  • Norepinephrine

    • Which of the following physiological effects is NOT associated with the use of Salvinorin A?

  • Nausea
  • Increased perspiration
  • Heightened energy levels (correct)
  • Decreased heart rate

    • What psychological effect might a user experience while under the influence of Salvinorin A?

    <p>Enhanced self-confidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Salvinorin A typically administered to users?

    <p>Smoked or vaporized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary challenge in determining the pharmacological actions of Salvinorin A in humans?

    <p>Limited human data and ongoing research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which behavioral effect is commonly reported by users of Salvinorin A?

    <p>Impaired coordination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a potential adverse effect of using Salvinorin A?

    <p>Time distortions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of experiences do some users report while using Salvinorin A?

    <p>Spiritual or mystical experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What issue related to tolerance and dependence is noted with Salvinorin A usage?

    <p>There are no known tolerance effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary traditional use of Salvia divinorum among the Mazatec Shamans?

    <p>Spiritual healing and health purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is correct regarding the discovery of Salvinorin A?

    <p>It was reported by Albert Hofmann and Gordon Wasson in the 1930s.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group reported the highest prevalence of Salvinorin A use in Canada in 2019?

    <p>Those aged 20-24</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of administration is primarily used for Salvinorin A?

    <p>Chewing fresh leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Salvinorin A from many other hallucinogens?

    <p>It is a non-alkaloid compound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a reported adverse psychological effect of Salvinorin A?

    <p>Intense hallucinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the onset of effects differ based on the administration method for Salvinorin A?

    <p>Effects take longer when ingested orally compared to smoking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the legal classification of Salvia in Canada since 2015?

    <p>Schedule IV drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT characterize Salvinorin A's tolerance and dependence features?

    <p>Dependence is common among recreational users.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary chemical nature of Salvinorin A compared to other hallucinogenic compounds?

    <p>It is a non-alkaloid compound with a unique structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the onset of effects when Salvinorin A is smoked compared to other administration methods?

    <p>Smoking results in immediate effects, while oral consumption takes longer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a reported psychological effect associated with Salvinorin A usage?

    <p>Experiencing multiple realities at the same time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group is most likely to report the sensation of merging with objects while using Salvinorin A?

    <p>Young adults aged 18-29.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of adverse effect is commonly reported after the cessation of Salvinorin A use?

    <p>Persistent stomach pain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the tolerance associated with Salvinorin A use?

    <p>No significant build-up of tolerance occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological effect is NOT commonly associated with the use of Salvinorin A?

    <p>Heightened alertness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a known mild withdrawal symptom following discontinuation of Salvinorin A?

    <p>Sleep disturbances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of behavior, which adverse effect is associated with Salvinorin A usage?

    <p>Feelings of frustration or irritability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of physical sensation is referred to as 'Salvia Winds'?

    <p>A sensation of intense downward or sideways pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gastrointestinal distress symptom often develops after cessation of Salvinorin A?

    <p>Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical dose of fresh leaves when consuming Salvinorin A through chewing?

    <p>30 grams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of Salvinorin A administration has the fastest onset of effects?

    <p>Smoking or vaporizing dried leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Salvinorin A primarily metabolized in the body?

    <p>By the liver and gallbladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of effects for smoking or inhaling Salvinorin A?

    <p>20-30 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the primary action of Salvinorin A in the brain?

    <p>Opioid Agonist at Kappa Receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Salvinorin B, the metabolite of Salvinorin A?

    <p>It has no psychoactive effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should not be done when administering Salvinorin A through tinctures?

    <p>Sublingual administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group is likely to demonstrate the highest prevalence of Salvinorin A usage?

    <p>Adolescents and young adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of effects does Salvinorin A primarily produce?

    <p>Psychoactive effects tied to mood and perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant issue related to the use of Salvinorin A?

    <p>Rapid development of tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical method of administration for Salvinorin A that offers the slowest onset of effects?

    <p>Chewing fresh leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group has shown a significant increase in the prevalence of Salvinorin A use?

    <p>Young adults aged 18-25</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pharmacological action does Salvinorin A primarily exhibit in the brain?

    <p>Opioid agonist at kappa receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary physiological effect of converting Salvinorin A into Salvinorin B?

    <p>Inactivation, leading to the cessation of effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary adverse psychological effect experienced after discontinuing Salvinorin A use?

    <p>Heightened anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the duration of effects for smoked Salvinorin A is accurate?

    <p>Rapid onset with effects peaking within 5-10 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable behavioral effect associated with Salvinorin A usage?

    <p>Altered perception of time and space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of administering Salvinorin A could lead to the highest potency once ingested?

    <p>Smoking dried leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common misconception regarding the effects of Salvinorin A?

    <p>It acts solely as a stimulant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature of Salvinorin A suggests it may lead to tolerance issues with continued use?

    <p>Consistent metabolism into an inactive substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group is most frequently associated with the sensation of merging with objects while using Salvinorin A?

    <p>Teenagers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary psychological effect reported by individuals using Salvinorin A?

    <p>Dissociation from reality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of administering Salvinorin A typically results in the fastest onset of effects?

    <p>Smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the adverse effects experienced after cessation of Salvinorin A use?

    <p>Nausea and headaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the dependence features of Salvinorin A use?

    <p>Mild withdrawal symptoms upon cessation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common physiological effect reported during the use of Salvinorin A?

    <p>Motor incoordination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sensation is described as 'Salvia Winds' and is commonly reported during Salvinorin A use?

    <p>A sensation of intense sideways or downward pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age group is reported to have the highest prevalence of Salvinorin A use?

    <p>Young adults aged 18-24</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group reported the highest prevalence of Salvinorin A use in recent surveys?

    <p>Young adults aged 18-25</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration of effects for smoking or inhaling Salvinorin A?

    <p>15 to 20 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of administration for Salvinorin A that leads to the fastest onset of effects?

    <p>Smoking or inhaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological effect is commonly associated with Salvinorin A usage?

    <p>Decreased heart rate (bradycardia)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best represents the pharmacological characteristic of Salvinorin A compared to other hallucinogens?

    <p>It does not induce significant tolerance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological effect is frequently reported by users of Salvinorin A?

    <p>Calm or dreamy state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does Salvinorin A exert on dopamine release in the brain?

    <p>Inhibits dopamine release in certain areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tolerance characteristic is associated with repeated use of Salvinorin A?

    <p>Rapid development of high tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can users experience regarding time perception while using Salvinorin A?

    <p>Time distortion, with time appearing to speed up or slow down</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adverse effect is commonly reported after the use of Salvinorin A?

    <p>Intense gastrointestinal distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unusual physical sensation is reported by some Salvinorin A users?

    <p>Sensation of merging with objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential psychological effect following the use of Salvinorin A?

    <p>Occasional outbursts of laughter without control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who were the primary figures responsible for the discovery and identification of Salvinorin A in the 1930s?

    <p>Albert Hofmann and Gordon Wasson</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In 2019, which age group in Canada demonstrated the highest reported use of Salvinorin A?

    <p>15-24-year-olds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method of administration for Salvinorin A allows for absorption through the mucous membranes of the mouth?

    <p>Oral chewing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the onset of effects for smoked Salvinorin A compare to that of chewing the leaves?

    <p>Faster onset when smoked</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pharmacological action is primarily associated with Salvinorin A's interaction in the brain?

    <p>Kappa-opioid receptor agonism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of adverse psychological effect might some users experience with Salvinorin A?

    <p>Extreme anxiety and confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological effect is most commonly reported among Salvinorin A users?

    <p>Altered perception of time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What issue related to tolerance is noted with the use of Salvinorin A?

    <p>Tolerance remains relatively stable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common adverse effect that can occur after discontinuation of Salvinorin A usage?

    <p>Gastrointestinal distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What traditional health condition did Mazatec Shamans believe Salvia could treat, which was associated with curses?

    <p>Swollen belly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Psychedelics: Salvinorin A

    • Source: Found in the Salvia divinorum plant, a mint plant.
    • Concentration: Leaves contain approximately 0.18% Salvinorin A.
    • Alternative Names: Magic Mint, Sally D, Puff, Savior of the Seers, Diviner's Sage.
    • Origin & Traditional Use: Indigenous to Oaxaca, Mexico.
    • Traditional Use: Mazatec Shamans used it for spiritual healing and health purposes, treating conditions like anemia, diarrhea, headache, and rheumatism. Also believed to cure "swollen belly".
    • Chemical Nature: Non-alkaloid; unlike other hallucinogens (e.g., LSD, mescaline), it's not an alkaloid. Its chemical structure and action are unique to it.

    History of Discovery

    • 1930s: First discovery by Albert Hofmann and Gordon Wasson (also discovered LSD) and studied magic mushrooms.
    • 1990s: Identified as the psychoactive compound in Salvia divinorum.

    Recreational Use & Popularity

    • Rise in popularity: Increased recreational use in the 21st century.
    • Statistics (Canada):
      • 2009: 1.6% of Canadians aged 15+ reported use (7.3% of 15-24-year-olds)
      • 2019: 2.2% of Canadians aged 15+ reported use (4.8% of 20-24-year-olds and 2.1% for those 25+).
    • Usage Prevalence: Relatively low, but highest among teens and young adults.

    Legality (Canada)

    • Schedule: Schedule IV drug under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act since 2015.

    Routes of Administration

    • Oral/Chewing: Fresh leaves are chewed and held in the mouth for 15-30 minutes. Traditional use involved crushing leaves mixing with water and holding the liquid in the mouth to avoid degradation in the digestive tract. A dose of about 30 grams of fresh leaves is typical.
    • Tinctures: Leaves soaked in alcohol or water creating tinctures then as drops placed in the cheek (not sublingually). A dose of 2-8 grams of dried leaves, or 30 grams of fresh leaves is typical.
    • Smoked/Inhaled: Dried leaves burned or vaporized to create an aerosol for inhalation. A typical dose is 250 to 750 milligrams of dried leaves.

    Metabolism and Clearance

    • Active Transport: Cleared from the brain actively moved out to the bloodstream for further processing.
    • Metabolism: Metabolized by the liver and gallbladder primarily, converting to an inactive metabolite, Salvinorin B.

    Salvinorin A Pharmacology

    • Primary Action: Opioid agonist at kappa receptors.
    • Effect on other neurotransmitters:
      • Inhibits dopamine release in the striatum, prefrontal cortex, and nucleus accumbens.
      • Affects serotonin release in the hippocampus.
      • Stimulates norepinephrine release in the hippocampus which can affect alertness.

    Salvinorin A Effects

    • Physiological effects: Sweating, body temperature sensations, dizziness, nausea, drooling, decreased heart rate, sensations of rotation, impaired coordination, uncontrollable laughter, calmness, improved mood, creative thinking, racing thoughts, distortions of time perception, spiritual experiences.
    • Psychedelic effects: Colorful visions, merging with objects, overlapping realities, sensations of being swept or pulled, reliving experiences.
    • Adverse Effects: Headaches, drowsiness, dysphoria, panic, motor incoordination, irritability, nausea, and drooling (especially with higher doses).

    Tolerance and Dependence

    • Tolerance: No significant tolerance; users don't need increasing doses.
    • Dependence: Mild withdrawal symptoms, such headaches, irritability, and insomnia. Some case studies show nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain (lasting up to 3 days) following cessation. A 51-year-old user smoked Salvia divinorum for four months, and experienced gastrointestinal distress 48 hours following the cessation of use.

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    Psychedelics - Salvinorin A Final Exam Study Guide PDF

    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of Salvinorin A, the psychoactive compound found in the Salvia divinorum plant. This quiz covers its chemical nature, historical discovery, and traditional uses by Mazatec Shamans. Learn about its rise in popularity and the unique properties that set it apart from other psychedelics.

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