Psych of Thought Ch. 4 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is the difference between maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal?

Maintenance rehearsal is the direct repetition of information to keep it active in short-term memory, while elaborative rehearsal relates the information to other information, activating deeper encoding processes for better long-term recall.

What is maintenance rehearsal?

It is the direct repetition of information to keep it active in short-term memory.

What is elaborative rehearsal?

It is any form of rehearsal that relates the information to other information, activating deeper and varied encoding processes.

What are the three factors that limit the use of imagery as a way of improving memory performance?

<ol> <li>Some materials have higher imagery values than others. 2. Differences among students in their ability to image information. 3. The nature of the images.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

How are the Peg Method, the Method of Loci, the Link Method, and the Keyword Method mnemonics similar to each other?

They use familiar information to help remember unfamiliar information, often involving imagery. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Peg Method?

It involves memorizing a series of pegs to hang learned information one item at a time. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Method of Loci?

Using a well-known location to recall information by associating each area with the information to be learned. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Link Method?

It involves forming images for each item on a list where the first item interacts with the next. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Keyword Method of mnemonics?

It requires identifying a keyword that sounds like the word to be learned and creating a visual image linking the keyword to its meaning. Signup and view all the answers

How does the activation of prior knowledge improve learning?

It enhances the encoding of new information, as new knowledge builds upon prior learning, helping students comprehend and organize new information. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does guided peer-questioning have on learning?

Comprehension improves because asking and answering questions helps learners build links among ideas and provides cues for recall. Signup and view all the answers

What can you do while reading to promote deep processing rather than shallow processing?

Recite the meaning of the reading in your own words to think about its meaning and connect it to background information. Signup and view all the answers

What is deep processing?

Processing centered on meaning. Signup and view all the answers

What is shallow processing?

Focusing on superficial aspects of new material, leading to poorer retention. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Rehearsal Techniques

Maintenance Rehearsal: Involves direct repetition of information to keep it active in short-term memory; prone to loss from interruptions.
Elaborative Rehearsal: Relates new information to existing knowledge, facilitating deeper encoding and better long-term recall; requires more cognitive resources.

Limitations of Imagery in Memory

Not all materials possess high imagery value; concrete words (e.g., "feather") are easier to remember than abstract words (e.g., "freedom").
Individual differences in imagery ability affect memory performance; some students can create vivid images while others struggle.
Most memorable images are bizarre and colorful; standard or dull images are less effective.

Mnemonic Techniques

Peg Method: Involves memorizing a list of "pegs" (e.g., bun, shoe) to which new information is attached through vivid imagery; can be reused effectively.
Method of Loci: Utilizes familiar locations to organize and recall information by visually associating items with specific places.
Link Method: Does not require pre-existing material; involves creating a mental image linking items sequentially for better retention.
Keyword Method: Relies on finding acoustic matches (keywords) that sound similar to the target word, using imagery to create associations for recall.

Activation of Prior Knowledge

Activating prior knowledge creates frameworks essential for understanding new, complex information.
It enhances the encoding process by connecting new information to well-learned concepts, aiding comprehension and organization.
A strong foundation of prior learning guides students’ thinking about new topics.

Impact of Peer Questioning

Guided peer-questioning fosters comprehension by enabling learners to build elaborate mental connections among ideas.
This method strengthens recall through durable mental representations and supports access to prior knowledge, elaboration of ideas, and self-monitoring.

Enhancing Deep Processing

Deep processing focuses on understanding meaning, while shallow processing is concerned with surface features, leading to poorer retention.
Reciting material in one's own words promotes deep processing by encouraging analysis and connection to background knowledge.

Processing Types

Deep Processing: Engages with the meaning of material, enhancing retention.
Shallow Processing: Focuses on superficial features of material, hindering memory performance.

Distinctiveness Processing

Emphasizes the importance of unique and distinctive features of information that make it easier to recall.

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Description

Explore the key differences between maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal in this interactive set of flashcards. Understand how these memory techniques impact short-term and long-term memory retention. Ideal for students studying cognitive psychology and memory processes.