30 Questions
What is the primary effect of Depressants on the CNS?
Slow down CNS activity
Which of the following is NOT a type of Depressant?
Cocaine
What is the classification of drugs based on?
CNS effects
Which of the following is an example of a Hallucinogen?
None of the above
What is the name of the topic that discusses the origins and manufacture of addictive drugs?
Topic 1: Origins & Manufacture of addictive drugs
Who is the instructor for the PSYC1022 course?
Dr. Helena Pacitti
Where were ceramic bowls found in a sacred site, related to opium?
Brittany, France
What is the name of the papyrus that mentioned a mixture of opium effective in calming crying children?
The Ebers papyrus
When was morphine first isolated?
1803
What percentage of the dry weight of opium is morphine?
~ 8 to 14%
Who discovered that opium dissolved better in a solution of alcohol rather than water?
Paracelsus
Who produced and promoted his own Laudanum recipe?
Thomas Sydenham
What was Laudanum used for, according to the content?
A treatment for a range of medical conditions
In which year did recreational use of opium appear in Homer’s ‘The Odyssey’?
700 BC
What is a characteristic of 'others' in the context of substances?
They do not fit neatly into other categories.
What is the approximate year of the oldest known site of wine production?
4100 BC
What is the average amount of pure alcohol consumed per person per year in a high-consuming region?
6.2 litres
What is the approximate percentage of unrecorded liquor worldwide?
25%
What is the plant from which opium is derived?
Poppy
What is the approximate time period during which opium was used broadly throughout Europe, Asia, Middle East, and North Africa?
10,000-2000 BC
What is the approximate year of the oldest known evidence of opium burial in a ritual or sacred context?
4200 BC
What is the approximate number of deaths worldwide attributed to alcohol consumption?
3.3 million
What was the concentration of codeine in opium?
1-3%
Who synthesized heroin in 1874?
Charles Wright
What was the purpose of Laudanum, as available by prescription from 1837 to 1901?
Relieving pain and alleviating withdrawal in dependent babies
Who named the synthesized compound 'heroin' in 1898?
Felix Hoffmann
Why did Bayer cease production of heroin in 1913?
With the introduction of legislation to control the production and sale of such compounds
What was the purpose of Mrs. Winslow's Soothing Syrup, as advertised in c. 1849?
Soothing children
What was the addictive potential of codeine compared to morphine or heroin?
Lower than morphine or heroin
What happened to the production and sale of addictive compounds, including Laudanum, from 1910 onwards?
They became more restricted due to laws
Study Notes
Drug Classifications
- Classified into four categories based on CNS effects:
- Depressants: slow down CNS activity
- Stimulants: speed up CNS activity
- Hallucinogens: alter sensory perceptions by interfering with CNS signaling
- Others: do not fit neatly into other categories
Depressants
- Include alcohol, opium, morphine, laudanum, codeine, and heroin
- Slow down CNS activity
History of Alcohol
- 7000-5800 BC: evidence of alcoholic liquid made from fermented rice, honey, and hawthorn found in Jiahu, China
- 4100 BC: evidence of wine production found in Areni-1 cave, Armenia
- 6.2 liters of pure alcohol per person consumed globally, with higher consumption in Europe, Russia, Australia, and Canada
- 3.3 million deaths worldwide attributed to alcohol consumption
History of Opium
- Derived from the sap of the opium poppy
- Historically used broadly throughout Europe, Asia, Middle East, and North Africa (10,000-2000 BC)
- Used in ritual and sacred contexts in Brittany, France, and Southern Spain (4200 BC)
- Used to calm crying children in Egypt, India, and Europe (1500 BC)
History of Morphine
- First isolated in 1803 by Friedrich Sertürner
- Contains 8-14% of the dry weight of opium
- Extraction method still used in illicit labs today
History of Laudanum
- Discovered by Paracelsus in 1493-1541
- Popularized by Thomas Sydenham in 1624-1689
- Available by prescription from 1837-1901 for pain relief and alleviating withdrawal
- Production and sale restricted by laws from 1910 onwards
History of Codeine
- Present in opium at a concentration of 1-3%
- Isolated by Pierre Robiquet in 1821
- Used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, antihypertensive, antianxiety, sedative, and to suppress premature labor contractions
History of Heroin
- First synthesized by Charles Wright in 1874
- Replicated by Felix Hoffmann in 1898
- Marketed by Bayer as an effective sedative for coughs without morphine's addictive potential, leading to widespread dependence
- Production ceased by Bayer in 1913 with the introduction of legislation to control production and sale
This quiz covers the origins and manufacture of addictive drugs, including drug classifications and examples of depressants such as alcohol and opium.
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