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Questions and Answers
What is the primary effect of Depressants on the CNS?
What is the primary effect of Depressants on the CNS?
Which of the following is NOT a type of Depressant?
Which of the following is NOT a type of Depressant?
What is the classification of drugs based on?
What is the classification of drugs based on?
Which of the following is an example of a Hallucinogen?
Which of the following is an example of a Hallucinogen?
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What is the name of the topic that discusses the origins and manufacture of addictive drugs?
What is the name of the topic that discusses the origins and manufacture of addictive drugs?
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Who is the instructor for the PSYC1022 course?
Who is the instructor for the PSYC1022 course?
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Where were ceramic bowls found in a sacred site, related to opium?
Where were ceramic bowls found in a sacred site, related to opium?
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What is the name of the papyrus that mentioned a mixture of opium effective in calming crying children?
What is the name of the papyrus that mentioned a mixture of opium effective in calming crying children?
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When was morphine first isolated?
When was morphine first isolated?
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What percentage of the dry weight of opium is morphine?
What percentage of the dry weight of opium is morphine?
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Who discovered that opium dissolved better in a solution of alcohol rather than water?
Who discovered that opium dissolved better in a solution of alcohol rather than water?
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Who produced and promoted his own Laudanum recipe?
Who produced and promoted his own Laudanum recipe?
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What was Laudanum used for, according to the content?
What was Laudanum used for, according to the content?
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In which year did recreational use of opium appear in Homer’s ‘The Odyssey’?
In which year did recreational use of opium appear in Homer’s ‘The Odyssey’?
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What is a characteristic of 'others' in the context of substances?
What is a characteristic of 'others' in the context of substances?
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What is the approximate year of the oldest known site of wine production?
What is the approximate year of the oldest known site of wine production?
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What is the average amount of pure alcohol consumed per person per year in a high-consuming region?
What is the average amount of pure alcohol consumed per person per year in a high-consuming region?
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What is the approximate percentage of unrecorded liquor worldwide?
What is the approximate percentage of unrecorded liquor worldwide?
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What is the plant from which opium is derived?
What is the plant from which opium is derived?
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What is the approximate time period during which opium was used broadly throughout Europe, Asia, Middle East, and North Africa?
What is the approximate time period during which opium was used broadly throughout Europe, Asia, Middle East, and North Africa?
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What is the approximate year of the oldest known evidence of opium burial in a ritual or sacred context?
What is the approximate year of the oldest known evidence of opium burial in a ritual or sacred context?
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What is the approximate number of deaths worldwide attributed to alcohol consumption?
What is the approximate number of deaths worldwide attributed to alcohol consumption?
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What was the concentration of codeine in opium?
What was the concentration of codeine in opium?
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Who synthesized heroin in 1874?
Who synthesized heroin in 1874?
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What was the purpose of Laudanum, as available by prescription from 1837 to 1901?
What was the purpose of Laudanum, as available by prescription from 1837 to 1901?
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Who named the synthesized compound 'heroin' in 1898?
Who named the synthesized compound 'heroin' in 1898?
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Why did Bayer cease production of heroin in 1913?
Why did Bayer cease production of heroin in 1913?
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What was the purpose of Mrs. Winslow's Soothing Syrup, as advertised in c. 1849?
What was the purpose of Mrs. Winslow's Soothing Syrup, as advertised in c. 1849?
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What was the addictive potential of codeine compared to morphine or heroin?
What was the addictive potential of codeine compared to morphine or heroin?
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What happened to the production and sale of addictive compounds, including Laudanum, from 1910 onwards?
What happened to the production and sale of addictive compounds, including Laudanum, from 1910 onwards?
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Study Notes
Drug Classifications
- Classified into four categories based on CNS effects:
- Depressants: slow down CNS activity
- Stimulants: speed up CNS activity
- Hallucinogens: alter sensory perceptions by interfering with CNS signaling
- Others: do not fit neatly into other categories
Depressants
- Include alcohol, opium, morphine, laudanum, codeine, and heroin
- Slow down CNS activity
History of Alcohol
- 7000-5800 BC: evidence of alcoholic liquid made from fermented rice, honey, and hawthorn found in Jiahu, China
- 4100 BC: evidence of wine production found in Areni-1 cave, Armenia
- 6.2 liters of pure alcohol per person consumed globally, with higher consumption in Europe, Russia, Australia, and Canada
- 3.3 million deaths worldwide attributed to alcohol consumption
History of Opium
- Derived from the sap of the opium poppy
- Historically used broadly throughout Europe, Asia, Middle East, and North Africa (10,000-2000 BC)
- Used in ritual and sacred contexts in Brittany, France, and Southern Spain (4200 BC)
- Used to calm crying children in Egypt, India, and Europe (1500 BC)
History of Morphine
- First isolated in 1803 by Friedrich Sertürner
- Contains 8-14% of the dry weight of opium
- Extraction method still used in illicit labs today
History of Laudanum
- Discovered by Paracelsus in 1493-1541
- Popularized by Thomas Sydenham in 1624-1689
- Available by prescription from 1837-1901 for pain relief and alleviating withdrawal
- Production and sale restricted by laws from 1910 onwards
History of Codeine
- Present in opium at a concentration of 1-3%
- Isolated by Pierre Robiquet in 1821
- Used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, antihypertensive, antianxiety, sedative, and to suppress premature labor contractions
History of Heroin
- First synthesized by Charles Wright in 1874
- Replicated by Felix Hoffmann in 1898
- Marketed by Bayer as an effective sedative for coughs without morphine's addictive potential, leading to widespread dependence
- Production ceased by Bayer in 1913 with the introduction of legislation to control production and sale
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Description
This quiz covers the origins and manufacture of addictive drugs, including drug classifications and examples of depressants such as alcohol and opium.
