Questions and Answers
In a(n) ____, two variables measured at the same time are associated.
cross sectional correlation
If an earlier measure of a variable is associated with a later measure of the same variable, a(n) ____ occurs.
autocorrelation
In a(n) ____, an earlier measure of one variable is associated with a later measure of a different variable.
cross lag correlation
These three types of correlations are usually found in ____ designs.
Signup and view all the answers
A(n) ____ is conducted over a longer period of time than a typical correlational study to help establish ____.
Signup and view all the answers
A(n) ____ considers more than two variables in the same analysis and can help improve ____.
Signup and view all the answers
A ____ is a variable that explains how the two main variables are related in different ways depending on the situation.
Signup and view all the answers
A ____ explains why two variables may be related based on an internal factor that connects them.
Signup and view all the answers
Multiple regression can help eliminate problems with ____ by controlling for potential third variables.
Signup and view all the answers
It sets ____ variable(s) that influence the ____ variable, which is the outcome of interest.
Signup and view all the answers
Effect sizes in multiple-regression analyses can be represented by both ____, which is a standardized effect size, and ____, which is an unstandardized effect size.
Signup and view all the answers
What is a parsimonious explanation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the best interpretation of β = −0.39 for foreign-language anxiety?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the beta for foreign-language anxiety mean?
Signup and view all the answers
Does Sammy want to find out whether parenting style explains the association between self-esteem and behavior problems?
Signup and view all the answers
Does Sammy want to find out whether self-esteem in elementary school predicts behavior problems in middle school?
Signup and view all the answers
Does Sammy want to find out whether there is an association between self-esteem and behavior problems even after adjusting for experience with bullying?
Signup and view all the answers
Does Sammy want to find out whether self-esteem and behavior problems have a mutually reinforcing relationship?
Signup and view all the answers
The largest beta in a multiple-regression analysis is the predictor that has the strongest relationship with the criterion variable.
Signup and view all the answers
A multiple-regression analysis can control for more than one variable at a time.
Signup and view all the answers
Multiple regression establishes temporal precedence as long as it controls for potential third-variable problems.
Signup and view all the answers
A multiple-regression analysis that accounts for third variables can establish causality.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Correlational Designs
- Cross-sectional correlation: Involves measuring two variables at the same time to identify associations.
- Autocorrelation: Measures the association between an earlier and a later measure of the same variable.
- Cross-lag correlation: Examines the association between an earlier measure of one variable and a later measure of a different variable.
- These three correlations are typically found in longitudinal designs.
Study Types
- Longitudinal study: Conducted over an extended period to establish temporal precedence.
- Multiple regression analysis: Considers more than two variables in the analysis to improve internal validity.
Variables in Analysis
- Moderator: A variable that explains how the relationship between two main variables differs based on situational factors.
- Mediator: Explains the internal factors connecting two variables and why they may be related.
Multiple Regression
- Helps to improve internal validity by controlling for potential third variables.
- Sets predictor variables that influence the criterion variable, the outcome of interest.
- Effect sizes can be represented by beta (β), a standardized effect size, and b, an unstandardized effect size.
Parsimonious Explanation
- The simplest explanation for a phenomenon compared to more complex alternatives.
Research Findings
- In a study on foreign-language anxiety, a beta of β = −0.39 indicates that higher anxiety negatively affects foreign-language achievement, significantly more than the effect of academic achievement (β = 0.29).
- The negative beta suggests people with lower anxiety levels perform better in foreign-language achievement when controlling for other variables.
Longitudinal vs. Multiple Regression Scenarios
- Multiple regression is suited for examining how parenting style relates to self-esteem and behavior problems.
- Longitudinal studies predict how self-esteem in elementary school affects behavior problems in middle school.
- Multiple regression assesses the relationship between self-esteem and behavior after adjusting for bullying experiences.
- Longitudinal studies are appropriate for investigating if self-esteem and behavior problems reinforce each other over time.
True or False Statements
- The largest beta indicates the strongest predictor in a multiple regression analysis: True.
- A multiple regression can control for multiple variables simultaneously: True.
- Controlling for third-variable problems in multiple regression establishes temporal precedence: False.
- Multiple regression accounting for third variables can establish causality: False.
Implications of Cognitive Job Study
- A study suggests that cognitively demanding jobs correlate with cognitive benefits later in life, but this relationship may be influenced by educational background, highlighting the role of third variables.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Dive into the intricacies of correlational designs in psychology with these flashcards. You'll explore the concepts of cross-sectional, autocorrelation, and cross-lag correlations as well as their applications in longitudinal studies. Test your understanding and reinforce key terminology essential for psychology students.