38 Questions
Who is considered the Father of Psychology?
Wilhelm Wundt
What is the method by which individuals were taught to carefully observe, analyze, and describe their own experiences?
Introspection
What is the approach that emphasizes the function or purpose of behavior and consciousness?
Functionalism
What is the early approach that emphasizes observable behavior and studies relationships between stimuli and responses?
Behavourism
What is the year described as psychology's 'date of birth'?
1897
Who is associated with the development of psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud
What are the three basic elements that the mind consists of according to Structuralism?
Sensations, feelings, and images
What is the primary focus of the biological perspective in psychology?
The role of hormones, brain chemistry, and genes in behavior
Who established the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany?
Wilhelm Wundt
Which of the following is NOT a component of the biological perspective?
Learning habits
What is the approach that argues that the mind consists of three basic elements that combine to form experience?
Structuralism
What is the main concern of the learning perspective in psychology?
The role of environment and experience in shaping behavior
Who would be most likely to focus on the importance of reinforcement in learning?
Behaviorist
What is a hypothesis in research?
A specific statement about behavior or mental processes that can be tested through research
What is the primary focus of the cognitive perspective in psychology?
Mental processes such as sensation, perception, and problem-solving
Which perspective would be most concerned with the study of intelligence?
Cognitive perspective
What is a variable in research?
A characteristic of behavior or experiences that can be measured or described by a numeric scale
What is the primary difference between behaviorists and social-cognitive learning theorists?
Behaviorists focus on reinforcement, while social-cognitive learning theorists focus on observing others and social interaction
What is the first step in the scientific method?
Draw a testable statement or prediction
What is a population in research?
An entire set of individuals or events to which a generalization will be made based on a sample
What is a representative sample in research?
A group of randomly chosen participants that accurately represents the larger population
What type of research method involves descriptions of behavior, but not necessarily causal explanations?
Descriptive method
What is a case study in research?
A detailed description of a particular individual being studied or treated
What may be obtained through interviews, questionnaires, and psychological tests?
A case study
What is the primary focus of the discipline of psychology?
The examination of behavior and mental processes
What is the main goal of scientific studies in psychology?
To understand and predict human behavior
What is the significance of the Greek letter in psychology?
It represents the discipline of psychology
What is the primary objective of psychology?
To promote psychological well-being of people
What does the term 'phrenology' literally mean?
Study of the mind
What is the key feature of the scientific method in psychology?
Formulating hypotheses and testing them
What is the main purpose of naturalistic observation?
To observe how people or animals behave in their natural environments
What is standardization in testing?
The process of constructing a test with uniform procedures for giving and scoring
What is the purpose of laboratory observation?
To observe how people or animals behave in a more controlled setting
What is reliability in testing?
The consistency of test scores from one time and place to another
What is validity in testing?
The ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure
Why is it important for psychological tests to be reliable?
Because they are used to make important decisions
What is the purpose of norms in testing?
To compare an individual's score to established standards of performance
What type of observation is used to observe behavior in a more controlled setting?
Laboratory observation
Study Notes
Introduction to Psychology
- Psychology is the science that studies behavior and mental processes
- Represented by the Greek letter ψ (“psi”)
- Concerned with the study of how human feel, think, and behave
- Aims to understand human mind and behaviors and predict behaviors
- Promotes psychological well-being of people
Mission of Psychology
- Uses the scientific method to gather evidence and test hypotheses
- Goals of scientific studies:
- Measure and describe
- Understand and predict
- Apply and predict
History of Psychology
- Phrenology: Greek for “study of the mind”
- Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) is considered the Father of Psychology
- Established the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879
- 1897 is described as psychology’s “date of birth”
- Wundt’s perspective:
- Introspection: method of carefully observing, analyzing, and describing one’s own experiences
- Structuralism: argues that the mind consists of three basic elements - sensations, feelings, and images
Early Approaches in Psychology
- Functionalism: emphasized the function or purpose of behavior and consciousness (William James, 1842-1910)
- Behaviorism: emphasized observable behavior and studies relationships between stimuli and responses (John B Watson, 1879-1958)
- Psychoanalysis: emphasized the importance of unconscious motives and conflicts as determinants of human behavior (Sigmund Freud, 1859-1939)
Perspectives in Psychology
- Biological perspective: focuses on how bodily events affect behavior, feelings, and thoughts
- Learning perspective: concerned with how the environment and experience affect a person’s actions
- Cognitive perspective: emphasizes what goes on in people’s heads, focusing on mental processes such as sensation, perception, memory, intelligence, language, thought, and problem-solving
- Sociocultural perspective: emphasizes the role of social and cultural factors in shaping behavior and mental processes
Research Methods
- Variables: any phenomenon that can change or vary
- Steps of scientific research:
- Draw a testable statement or prediction
- Search for a gap in the literature
- Select appropriate research methods
- Gather data and try to have a representative sample
- Analyze the data and draw conclusions
- Report findings and replicate the findings if possible
Types of Psychological Research
- Descriptive methods: yield descriptions of behavior, but not necessarily causal explanations
- Case studies
- Observational studies
- Psychological tests
- Surveys
- Case studies: detailed descriptions of a particular individual being studied or treated
- Observational studies: systematic observation and recording of behavior without interfering with behavior
- Psychological tests: procedures used to measure and evaluate personality traits, emotional states, aptitudes, interests, abilities, and values
Characteristics of Good Psychological Tests
- Standardization: uniform procedures for giving and scoring the test
- Reliability: consistency of test scores from one time and place to another
- Validity: ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure
This quiz covers the basics of psychology, including the establishment of the first psychological laboratory, major perspectives, and the role of psychologists. It also explores why psychology is considered a science.
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