Introduction to Behavioral Science (Psychology)

Definitions and Goals of Psychology

• Psychology combines Greek words "Psyche" (mind, soul, spirit) and "Logos" (study, science) and is defined as the study of human behavior rather than just the mind.
• The four primary goals of psychology are to describe, explain, predict, and change behavior and mental processes.

Historical Background

• Wilhelm Wundt is known as the founder of experimental psychology, establishing it as an independent field from philosophy and biology.
• Modern psychology is shaped by three schools of thought: Structuralism, Functionalism, and Gestalt.

Key Schools of Thought

• Structuralism: Introduced by Wundt and Titchener, it focuses on the structure of the mind through introspection but is critiqued for its subjective nature.
• Functionalism: Led by William James, it emphasizes how behavior adapts to the environment, utilizing direct observation rather than introspection.
• Gestalt Psychology: Promoted by Max Wertheimer, it focuses on perceptual organization, asserting that the whole experience is greater than the sum of its parts.

Approaches to Psychology

• Neurobiological Approach: Explains behavior in terms of biochemical and neurological processes, emphasizing the role of the nervous and endocrine systems.
• Humanistic Approach: Emphasized by Carl Rogers, it focuses on personal growth, free will, and the potential for self-actualization.
• Psychoanalytic Approach: Developed by Sigmund Freud, this perspective views unconscious processes and early experiences as determinants of behavior.
• Behaviorism: Founded by John B. Watson, it studies observable behaviors and the effects of the environment, relying heavily on rewards and punishments.
• Cognitive Psychology: Highlights that the mind actively processes information, affecting thoughts and actions, under theorists like Albert Ellis.

Subfields of Psychology

• Educational Psychology: Examines learning processes across different age groups, developing teaching methods, and promoting intellectual and emotional development.
• Health Psychology: Focuses on psychological factors in illness prevention and management, as well as stress and coping strategies.
• Industrial/Organizational Psychology: Concerns itself with workplace behavior, enhancing productivity and job satisfaction, as well as employee training.
• Clinical Psychology: Studies and treats psychological disorders, addressing conditions like depression and anxiety.
• Counseling Psychology: Aims to improve individuals' daily function by addressing everyday problems and enhancing coping strategies.
• Developmental Psychology: Investigates life-span changes from conception to death, covering physical, social, and psychological development.
• Social Psychology: Studies societal influences on behavior, including conformity, obedience, and group dynamics.
• Forensic Psychology: Applies psychological principles in legal contexts, aiding criminal investigations and understanding offenders’ mental processes.

Self-Evaluation

• Consider personal motivations for pursuing psychology and how you wish to engage with patients, reflecting on expectations and desired treatment in healthcare settings.

Explore the fundamentals of psychology and its applications in the field of behavioral science. This quiz will guide you through key concepts, definitions, and the expectations of patient care. Reflect on your motivations for pursuing this program and the attitudes necessary for effective practice.