PSY-102 Chapter 7-8 Study Guide

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Questions and Answers

What is motivation?

A psychological disorder

An innate sense of direction

Stimuli that can direct feelings, thinking, and behavior (correct)

The factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms (correct)

What does the instinct approach refer to?

Inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned

Intrinsic motivation is motivated by external rewards.

False

Define extrinsic motivation.

Doing something for a concrete reward Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary drive?

Biological needs like thirst Signup and view all the answers

What are learned drives referred to as?

Secondary drives Signup and view all the answers

The drive-reduction approach maintains that the thirst drive helps maintain homeostasis.

True Signup and view all the answers

What are Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Motivational needs arranged in a hierarchy with primary needs requiring fulfillment before higher needs. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'weight set point' refer to?

Particular level of weight that the body strives to maintain Signup and view all the answers

What does affiliation mean in psychology?

An interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with other people Signup and view all the answers

What does the James-Lang theory explain?

Stimulus initiates a psychological reaction/behavioral reaction leading to emotion. Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature vs nurture debate about?

The degree to which environment and heredity influence behavior Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

23 pairs Signup and view all the answers

Teratogens are beneficial environmental agents.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a parenting style?

Idealistic Signup and view all the answers

What is an outcome of authoritarian parenting?

Unsociable and withdrawn behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is Erikson's theory focused on?

Psychological development involving interactions and understanding of self and society. Signup and view all the answers

What does the identity vs. role confusion stage refer to?

The period during adolescence where individuals forge a personal identity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of Piaget's theory?

Cognitive development and its changes based on age and experience. Signup and view all the answers

Vygotsky's Social Learning Theory posits that culture has no role in cognitive development.

False Signup and view all the answers

How many stages are in Kohlberg's Moral Developmental Theory?

6 stages Signup and view all the answers

What is the first stage of Kohlberg's theory?

Punishment/obedience Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea of longitudinal research?

Studying the same people as they age Signup and view all the answers

What is gerontology?

The study of older adults and aging Signup and view all the answers

The wear-and-tear theory suggests that mechanical functions of the body stop working efficiently as we age due to ___

aging Signup and view all the answers

Which stage in Kübler-Ross' stages of grief involves searching for more options?

Bargaining Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Motivation Concepts

Motivation directs and energizes behavior in humans and organisms.
Intrinsic motivation is driven by personal enjoyment; extrinsic motivation relies on external rewards.
Primary drives are biological needs like thirst, while secondary drives are learned, e.g., the value of money for acquiring food.

Theories of Motivation

The drive-reduction approach maintains that lack of essential needs creates a drive to fulfill those needs, promoting homeostasis.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs organizes motivational needs, requiring lower-level needs to be satisfied before higher-order ones.

Parenting Styles

Authoritarian: Rigid and punitive, leading to unsociable and withdrawn children.
Permissive: Lax and inconsistent parenting resulting in immature and dependent children.
Authoritative: Encourages independence and reasoning, leading to self-reliant and socially skilled children.
Uninvolved: Emotionally detached, resulting in indifferent and rejecting behavior in children.

Psychological Development Theories

Erickson's theory emphasizes that psychological development involves social interactions and resolving crises at different life stages.
Identity vs. Role Confusion occurs during adolescence, where integrating identity components is essential.
Trust vs. Mistrust highlights the importance of nurturing in infancy, affecting later relationships.

Cognitive Development

Piaget's theory outlines cognitive development as a process influenced by age and experience.
Vygotsky's Social Learning Theory stresses the role of culture and social interactions in cognitive development.

Kohlberg's Moral Development

Includes six stages where individuals progress sequentially through moral reasoning.
Stage 1 focuses on punishment and obedience; Stage 2 is about seeking rewards.
Stage 3 emphasizes good intentions and approval from others; Stage 4 values obedience to authority.
Stage 5 considers moral and legal rights; Stage 6 is based on individual principles of conscience.

Research and Gerontology

Longitudinal research tracks the same individuals as they age, providing insights into development over time.
Gerontology is dedicated to the study of older adults and their aging process.

Aging Theories

Wear-and-Tear Theory suggests aging results from the mechanical failures of body functions over time.

Kübler-Ross Stages of Grief

The stages of grief include denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.
Denial involves rejecting the reality of death; anger arises from facing imminent loss.
Bargaining seeks to delay the inevitable; depression reflects helplessness when negotiations fail.
Acceptance signifies coming to terms with death calmly.

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Description

This study guide covers key concepts from Chapter 7 and 8 of PSY-102, focusing on motivation and instinct approaches to behavior. It provides definitions and explanations to help students understand the factors that influence behavior in humans and other organisms. Perfect for exam preparation!