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Questions and Answers
What is motivation?
What is motivation?
- A psychological disorder
- An innate sense of direction
- Stimuli that can direct feelings, thinking, and behavior (correct)
- The factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms (correct)
What does the instinct approach refer to?
What does the instinct approach refer to?
Inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned
Intrinsic motivation is motivated by external rewards.
Intrinsic motivation is motivated by external rewards.
False (B)
Define extrinsic motivation.
Define extrinsic motivation.
What is a primary drive?
What is a primary drive?
What are learned drives referred to as?
What are learned drives referred to as?
The drive-reduction approach maintains that the thirst drive helps maintain homeostasis.
The drive-reduction approach maintains that the thirst drive helps maintain homeostasis.
What are Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
What are Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
What does 'weight set point' refer to?
What does 'weight set point' refer to?
What does affiliation mean in psychology?
What does affiliation mean in psychology?
What does the James-Lang theory explain?
What does the James-Lang theory explain?
What is the nature vs nurture debate about?
What is the nature vs nurture debate about?
How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?
How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?
Teratogens are beneficial environmental agents.
Teratogens are beneficial environmental agents.
Which of the following is NOT a parenting style?
Which of the following is NOT a parenting style?
What is an outcome of authoritarian parenting?
What is an outcome of authoritarian parenting?
What is Erikson's theory focused on?
What is Erikson's theory focused on?
What does the identity vs. role confusion stage refer to?
What does the identity vs. role confusion stage refer to?
What is the focus of Piaget's theory?
What is the focus of Piaget's theory?
Vygotsky's Social Learning Theory posits that culture has no role in cognitive development.
Vygotsky's Social Learning Theory posits that culture has no role in cognitive development.
How many stages are in Kohlberg's Moral Developmental Theory?
How many stages are in Kohlberg's Moral Developmental Theory?
What is the first stage of Kohlberg's theory?
What is the first stage of Kohlberg's theory?
What is the main idea of longitudinal research?
What is the main idea of longitudinal research?
What is gerontology?
What is gerontology?
The wear-and-tear theory suggests that mechanical functions of the body stop working efficiently as we age due to ___
The wear-and-tear theory suggests that mechanical functions of the body stop working efficiently as we age due to ___
Which stage in Kübler-Ross' stages of grief involves searching for more options?
Which stage in Kübler-Ross' stages of grief involves searching for more options?
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Study Notes
Motivation Concepts
- Motivation directs and energizes behavior in humans and organisms.
- Intrinsic motivation is driven by personal enjoyment; extrinsic motivation relies on external rewards.
- Primary drives are biological needs like thirst, while secondary drives are learned, e.g., the value of money for acquiring food.
Theories of Motivation
- The drive-reduction approach maintains that lack of essential needs creates a drive to fulfill those needs, promoting homeostasis.
- Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs organizes motivational needs, requiring lower-level needs to be satisfied before higher-order ones.
Parenting Styles
- Authoritarian: Rigid and punitive, leading to unsociable and withdrawn children.
- Permissive: Lax and inconsistent parenting resulting in immature and dependent children.
- Authoritative: Encourages independence and reasoning, leading to self-reliant and socially skilled children.
- Uninvolved: Emotionally detached, resulting in indifferent and rejecting behavior in children.
Psychological Development Theories
- Erickson's theory emphasizes that psychological development involves social interactions and resolving crises at different life stages.
- Identity vs. Role Confusion occurs during adolescence, where integrating identity components is essential.
- Trust vs. Mistrust highlights the importance of nurturing in infancy, affecting later relationships.
Cognitive Development
- Piaget's theory outlines cognitive development as a process influenced by age and experience.
- Vygotsky's Social Learning Theory stresses the role of culture and social interactions in cognitive development.
Kohlberg's Moral Development
- Includes six stages where individuals progress sequentially through moral reasoning.
- Stage 1 focuses on punishment and obedience; Stage 2 is about seeking rewards.
- Stage 3 emphasizes good intentions and approval from others; Stage 4 values obedience to authority.
- Stage 5 considers moral and legal rights; Stage 6 is based on individual principles of conscience.
Research and Gerontology
- Longitudinal research tracks the same individuals as they age, providing insights into development over time.
- Gerontology is dedicated to the study of older adults and their aging process.
Aging Theories
- Wear-and-Tear Theory suggests aging results from the mechanical failures of body functions over time.
Kübler-Ross Stages of Grief
- The stages of grief include denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.
- Denial involves rejecting the reality of death; anger arises from facing imminent loss.
- Bargaining seeks to delay the inevitable; depression reflects helplessness when negotiations fail.
- Acceptance signifies coming to terms with death calmly.
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