PSY 10: Industrial Psychology

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary concern of an open system in an enterprise?

To create a strong culture

To transform inputs into outputs (correct)

To promote uncontrollable informal relations

To maintain only formal relations

What is the primary effect of social facilitation on an individual's behavior?

It decreases performance due to distractions

It has a negative effect on learned tasks

It has no impact on performance

It increases performance due to arousal (correct)

According to the Contingency School, what determines the structure and methods of operation of an organization?

The circumstances in which the organization exists (correct)

The type of industry

The personality of the leader

The size of the organization

What type of task is characterized by the group's performance being equal to the sum of the performances of each group member?

Additive task Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of a strong organizational culture?

A system of informal rules Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of social inhibition on an individual's behavior?

It decreases performance due to distractions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of organizational culture, according to Eldridge and Crombie?

To provide a shared system of meanings Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the decrease in performance in a group task?

Distraction from the presence of others Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of adding a group member to a small, cohesive group?

It decreases the group's performance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an open system?

Maintaining a formal structure Signup and view all the answers

Who are the authors of the definition 'Organizational culture offers a shared system of meanings that is the basis for communications and mutual understanding'?

Eldridge and Crombie Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of comparison on an individual's performance?

It increases performance due to arousal Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the Contingency School and the traditional view of organizational design?

The Contingency School rejects the idea of a one-best-way approach Signup and view all the answers

What type of task is characterized by the group's performance being based on the most talented group member?

Disjunctive task Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of evaluation apprehension on an individual's performance?

It decreases performance due to distraction Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of an organization's attempt to minimize the opportunity for uncontrollable informal relations?

Formal relations are promoted Signup and view all the answers

What are norms in an organizational culture?

The unwritten rules of behavior Signup and view all the answers

What happens when norms are violated in an organization?

People react to them in a way that exerts pressure on behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of norms in an organization?

To tell people what they are supposed to be doing Signup and view all the answers

In what way can artefacts contribute to an organization's culture?

By providing a tangible aspect of the organization that people can hear, see or feel Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between an organization's values and its culture?

Values are a part of an organization's culture Signup and view all the answers

What happens when an organization's values are strongly held?

They have a significant influence on behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary way in which norms are passed on in an organization?

Through verbal communication and word of mouth Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a traumatic event in an organization's culture?

It can help to change an organization's culture quickly Signup and view all the answers

What type of interdependence occurs when the completion of a task by one person affects the completion of a task by another person?

Task interdependence Signup and view all the answers

What is the conflict style of a person who reacts to conflict by pretending that it does not exist?

Avoiding Style Signup and view all the answers

What is the approach to handling conflict in which one of the parties removes themselves from the situation to avoid the conflict?

Withdrawal Signup and view all the answers

What is the conflict style of a person who tends to respond to conflict by giving in to the other person?

Accommodating Style Signup and view all the answers

What is the approach to handling conflict in which an individual allows each side to get some of what it wants?

Compromising Style Signup and view all the answers

What is the conflict style of a person who responds to conflict by always trying to win?

Forcing Style Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the model that predicts behaviors based on four key personality traits?

DISC Model Signup and view all the answers

What is the conflict style of a person who wants a conflict resolved in such a way that both sides get what they want?

Collaborating Style Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a gatekeeper in an organization?

To screen out unimportant communication Signup and view all the answers

What determines the order of communication in a queue?

The message's importance, timeliness, or sender Signup and view all the answers

What is the distance range of the personal distance zone?

From 18 inches to 4 feet Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of escape in an organization?

To reduce stress through resignation Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of multiple channel in an organization?

Directing some communication to another person Signup and view all the answers

What is the distance range of the social distance zone?

From 4 to 12 feet Signup and view all the answers

What involves the way we say things and consists of variables such as tone, tempo, and volume?

Paralanguage Signup and view all the answers

What is the distance range of the public distance zone?

From 12 feet to greater than 12 feet Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Organizational Culture

Minimizes opportunity for informal relations, leaving room only for formal ones.
Transforms inputs into outputs within its environment.
The Contingency School (Burns and Stalker, 1961; Woodward, 1965; Lawrence and Lorsch, 1969) analyzed various organizations and concluded that their structures and methods of operation are a function of the circumstances in which they exist.

Definitions of Organizational Culture

A strong culture is a system of informal rules that spells out how people are to behave most of the time (Deal and Kennedy, 2000).
The culture of an organization refers to the unique configuration of norms, values, beliefs, and ways of behaving that characterize the manner in which groups and individuals combine to get things done (Eldridge and Crombie, 1974).

Components of Culture

Values: Beliefs in what is best or good for the organization and what should or ought to happen.
Norms: Unwritten rules of behavior, the "rules of the game" that provide informal guidelines on how to behave.
Artefacts: Visible and tangible aspects of an organization that people hear, see, or feel and contribute to their understanding of the organization's culture.

Social Facilitation: Positive effects of the presence of others on an individual's behavior.
Social Inhibition: Negative effects of others' presence.

Group Performance

Additive Tasks: Group performance is equal to the sum of the performances by each group member.
Conjunctive Tasks: Group performance depends on the least effective group member.
Disjunctive Tasks: Group performance is based on the most talented group member.

Conflict Styles

Avoiding Style: Reacting to conflict by pretending it does not exist.
Withdrawal: Removing oneself from the situation to avoid the conflict.
Triangling: Discussing a conflict with a third-party to resolve the issue without direct confrontation.
Accommodating Style: Responding to conflict by giving in to the other person.
Forcing Style: Responding to conflict by always trying to win.
Collaborating Style: Resolving conflicts in a way that both sides get what they want.
Winning at All Cost: Seeking to win regardless of the damage to the other side.

Communication

Nonverbal Cues: Paralanguage, personal distance zones, and social distance zones.
Message Interpretation: Message can change depending on the way the receiver interprets the message.
Gatekeeper: A person who screens potential communication for someone else and allows only the most important information to pass through.

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Description

Understand the concept of an organization in industrial psychology, including its characteristics and definitions.

PSY 10: Industrial Psychology - Organization