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Questions and Answers
Menurut Gordon Allport, kepribadian seseorang dipengaruhi oleh?
Menurut Gordon Allport, kepribadian seseorang dipengaruhi oleh?
- Sistem psikologis
- Genetik dan lingkungan (correct)
- Masa kecil
- Unconscious
Menurut definisi, kepribadian adalah organisasi statis antara individu dengan sistem psikologisnya.
Menurut definisi, kepribadian adalah organisasi statis antara individu dengan sistem psikologisnya.
False (B)
Apa perbedaan antara kepribadian masa kanak-kanak dan dewasa?
Apa perbedaan antara kepribadian masa kanak-kanak dan dewasa?
Terdapat dua kepribadian berbeda pada masa kanak-kanak dan dewasa.
Kepribadian dapat dipengaruhi oleh aspek fisik, intelegensi, dan _______________________ yang terbentuk atau dibatasi oleh lingkungan kita.
Kepribadian dapat dipengaruhi oleh aspek fisik, intelegensi, dan _______________________ yang terbentuk atau dibatasi oleh lingkungan kita.
Tipe trait yang spesifik pada seseorang adalah?
Tipe trait yang spesifik pada seseorang adalah?
Menurut Allport, conscious lebih penting daripada unconscious dalam kepribadian.
Menurut Allport, conscious lebih penting daripada unconscious dalam kepribadian.
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
According to Allport, what is an essential part of our personality?
According to Allport, what is an essential part of our personality?
Apa definisi kepribadian menurut Allport?
Apa definisi kepribadian menurut Allport?
What concept did Allport introduce to explain that motives of mature adults are not functionally connected to their childhood experiences?
What concept did Allport introduce to explain that motives of mature adults are not functionally connected to their childhood experiences?
Perseverative functional autonomy is concerned with high-level and non-routine behaviors.
Perseverative functional autonomy is concerned with high-level and non-routine behaviors.
Propriate functional autonomy is essential to understanding adult ________.
Propriate functional autonomy is essential to understanding adult ________.
Match the following principles with their descriptions:
Match the following principles with their descriptions:
According to Allport, how did he define personality in his book Pattern and Growth in Personality?
According to Allport, how did he define personality in his book Pattern and Growth in Personality?
What does Allport mean by 'dynamic organization' in relation to personality?
What does Allport mean by 'dynamic organization' in relation to personality?
Allport believed that personality is composed of only mental attributes.
Allport believed that personality is composed of only mental attributes.
Allport stated that heredity provides the personality with raw materials such as physique, intelligence, and temperament, which may then be shaped, expanded, or limited by the conditions of __________.
Allport stated that heredity provides the personality with raw materials such as physique, intelligence, and temperament, which may then be shaped, expanded, or limited by the conditions of __________.
Match the following terms with their definitions according to Allport:
Match the following terms with their definitions according to Allport:
According to Gordon Allport, who are guided more by the present and by their view of the future?
According to Gordon Allport, who are guided more by the present and by their view of the future?
Gordon Allport believed that unconscious forces dominate the personality of normal mature adults.
Gordon Allport believed that unconscious forces dominate the personality of normal mature adults.
What was a distinguishing feature of Allport's theory regarding the uniqueness of personality?
What was a distinguishing feature of Allport's theory regarding the uniqueness of personality?
According to Allport, personality is ______________ and specific to the individual.
According to Allport, personality is ______________ and specific to the individual.
What is one major proposition in Allport's personality theory regarding psychologically healthy adults and childhood events?
What is one major proposition in Allport's personality theory regarding psychologically healthy adults and childhood events?
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Why did Allport attempt to compensate for his inferiority feelings from childhood?
Why did Allport attempt to compensate for his inferiority feelings from childhood?
Allport felt that his adult motives and interests were dependent on his childhood feelings.
Allport felt that his adult motives and interests were dependent on his childhood feelings.
Allport graduated with a ____________ degree in 1919.
Allport graduated with a ____________ degree in 1919.
Match the following awards or positions with Gordon Allport's achievements:
Match the following awards or positions with Gordon Allport's achievements:
How did Allport describe infants?
How did Allport describe infants?
Infants possess a developed ego to mediate between stimulus and response.
Infants possess a developed ego to mediate between stimulus and response.
The first three stages in the development of the proprium span the years from birth to about age $______$. The bodily self develops when infants begin to be aware of what Allport referred to as a 'bodily me.' For example, infants begin to distinguish between their own fingers and the object they are grasping. The self-identity stage is marked by a sense of continuity of one’s identity. Children realize that they remain the same people despite changes in their bodies and their abilities. Self-identity is enhanced when children learn their names and see themselves as distinct from others. Self-esteem develops when they discover that they can accomplish things on their own.
The first three stages in the development of the proprium span the years from birth to about age $______$. The bodily self develops when infants begin to be aware of what Allport referred to as a 'bodily me.' For example, infants begin to distinguish between their own fingers and the object they are grasping. The self-identity stage is marked by a sense of continuity of one’s identity. Children realize that they remain the same people despite changes in their bodies and their abilities. Self-identity is enhanced when children learn their names and see themselves as distinct from others. Self-esteem develops when they discover that they can accomplish things on their own.
What is the importance of the infant-mother bond according to the content?
What is the importance of the infant-mother bond according to the content?
What are the six criteria that define emotionally healthy and functionally autonomous adults according to the content?
What are the six criteria that define emotionally healthy and functionally autonomous adults according to the content?
According to Allport's view of functional autonomy and personality development, emotionally healthy adults are not tied to or driven by childhood conflicts, presenting an optimistic view of adults in conscious control of their lives. True or False?
According to Allport's view of functional autonomy and personality development, emotionally healthy adults are not tied to or driven by childhood conflicts, presenting an optimistic view of adults in conscious control of their lives. True or False?
Allport believed that both heredity and environment influence personality. Our genetic background supplies our basic physique, temperament, and level of __________.
Allport believed that both heredity and environment influence personality. Our genetic background supplies our basic physique, temperament, and level of __________.
Match the following categories of values with their descriptions: Theoretical, Economic, Aesthetic, Social
Match the following categories of values with their descriptions: Theoretical, Economic, Aesthetic, Social
According to Ekman's research, how many facial expressions of emotions can be distinguished from each other?
According to Ekman's research, how many facial expressions of emotions can be distinguished from each other?
What does FACS stand for in the context of facial expressions?
What does FACS stand for in the context of facial expressions?
Type A behavior, associated with the potential for heart disease, is distinguished from Type B behavior by expressions of __________, glaring, grimacing, and scowling.
Type A behavior, associated with the potential for heart disease, is distinguished from Type B behavior by expressions of __________, glaring, grimacing, and scowling.
CIA and FBI in the United States use the FACS to detect lying by criminal suspects and terrorists.
CIA and FBI in the United States use the FACS to detect lying by criminal suspects and terrorists.
Match the following personality traits with their corresponding facial expressions:
Match the following personality traits with their corresponding facial expressions:
What did Allport criticize psychologists for insisting on, in terms of studying personality?
What did Allport criticize psychologists for insisting on, in terms of studying personality?
Expressive behavior is consciously planned and always has a specific purpose.
Expressive behavior is consciously planned and always has a specific purpose.
What type of behavior is coping behavior, according to Allport?
What type of behavior is coping behavior, according to Allport?
Allport favored the __________ approach, which involves the study of the individual case.
Allport favored the __________ approach, which involves the study of the individual case.
Study Notes
Pendekatan Genetika: Gordon Allport
- Kepribadian adalah unik dan dipengaruhi oleh masa lalu, masa kini, dan masa depan
- Kepribadianmu tidak dipengaruhi oleh masa kecil
- Konsep kepribadian menurut Allport adalah berbeda dengan Freud
Sifat Kepribadian
- Definisi: Organisasi dinamik antara individu dengan sistem psikologisnya (karakteristik perilaku dan pikiran)
- Kepribadian itu dinamis, tapi terorganisasi dan tidak acak
- Kepribadian terdiri dari mind dan body menjadi satu
Hereditas dan Lingkungan
- Hereditas berpengaruh pada aspek fisik, intelegensi, dan temperamen
- Genetik dan proses belajar juga penting dalam pembentukan kepribadian
- Terdapat dua kepribadian yang berbeda pada masa kanak-kanak dan dewasa
Trait
- Definisi: Karakteristik seseorang yang memandu untuk berperilaku (reaksi dari lingkungan)
- Karakteristik Trait:
- Nyata dan tidak teoretikal saja
- Menentukan perilaku
- Bisa diobservasi
- Mirip satu sama lain, tapi beda
- Kondisional, menyesuaikan
Tipe Trait
- Awalnya Individual dan Common
- Personal Dispositions: Trait yang spesifik pada seseorang
- Cardinal Traits: Trait yang paling menonjol dan mempengaruhi seseorang
- Central Traits: 5-10 ciri khas dalam diri yang mendeskripsikan perilaku kita
- Secondary Traits: Lebih jarang muncul daripada cardinal dan central
Ekspresi Wajah
- Penelitian Paul Ekman menemukan 7 emosi yang dapat dibedakan dari ekspresi wajah
- Ekman juga mengembangkan sistem coding facial expression yang dapat membaca emosi seseorang
- Ekspresi wajah dapat menunjukkan kepribadian seseorang, seperti neuroticism, agreeableness, extraversion, dan conscientiousness
Perbedaan Kebudayaan dalam Ekspresi Wajah
- Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekspresi wajah dapat berbeda-beda antar budaya
- Studi juga menemukan bahwa beberapa emosi dasar dapat diungkapkan oleh ekspresi wajah yang sama di berbagai budaya### Kritik Allport terhadap Pendekatan Psikoanalisis
- Allport mengkritik pendekatan psikoanalisis yang fokus pada kekuatan tak sadar dan irasional, seperti yang dikemukakan oleh Freud.
- Menurut Allport, niat dan keinginan sadar adalah bagian integral dari kepribadian seseorang.
Autonomi Fungsional
- Konsep autonomi fungsional Allport berpendapat bahwa motif-motif pada orang dewasa yang sehat dan matang tidak lagi terikat dengan pengalaman masa lalu.
- Motif-motif tersebut telah menjadi independen dan berfungsi dengan sendirinya, tanpa memerlukan stimulus atau penghargaan dari luar.
Tingkat Autonomi Fungsional
- Allport mengidentifikasi dua tingkat autonomi fungsional: perseveratif dan propriatif.
- Autonomi fungsional perseveratif berhubungan dengan perilaku yang berulang dan biasa, seperti kebiasaan atau adiksi.
- Autonomi fungsional propriatif berhubungan dengan nilai-nilai, self-image, dan gaya hidup seseorang.
Propriatif Fungsional
- Propriatif fungsional adalah tingkat autonomi fungsional yang lebih penting dan esensial dalam memahami motivasi orang dewasa.
- Motif-motif propriatif adalah unik bagi setiap individu dan ditentukan oleh nilai-nilai, self-image, dan kepentingan seseorang.
Pengorganisasian Fungsional Propriatif
- Pengorganisasian fungsional propriatif adalah proses yang memelihara dan mempertahankan self-image seseorang.
- Proses ini dipengaruhi oleh tiga prinsip: pengorganisasian tingkat energi, mastery dan kompetensi, dan pola propriatif.
Perkembangan Kepribadian pada Masa Kanak-kanak
-
Allport menggambarkan perkembangan kepribadian pada masa kanak-kanak melalui tujuh tahap, dari masa bayi hingga masa remaja.
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Pada masa kanak-kanak, proprium (ego atau self) mulai berkembang dan memperoleh bentuk yang unik bagi setiap individu.### Konsep Kepribadian
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Kepribadian adalah organisasi dinamis dalam individu yang menentukan perilaku dan pikiran yang khas. (Allport, 1961)
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Organisasi dinamis berarti bahwa kepribadian terus berubah dan tumbuh, tetapi perubahan itu tidak random.
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Psikofisik berarti bahwa kepribadian terdiri dari baik fungsi mental dan biologis yang bekerja bersama sebagai sebuah unit.
Peran Hereditas dan Lingkungan
- Hereditas memberikan bahan baku untuk kepribadian, seperti fisik, inteligensi, dan temperamen, yang kemudian dibentuk, dikembangkan, atau dibatasi oleh kondisi lingkungan.
- Lingkungan berinteraksi dengan hereditas untuk membentuk kepribadian yang unik.
- Kepribadian yang unik ini membuat psikologi harus mempelajari kasus individu dan tidak hanya mempelajari hasil rata-rata dalam grup.
Dua Kepribadian yang Berbeda untuk Dua Tahap Kehidupan
- Allport berpendapat bahwa kepribadian adalah diskontinu, yaitu tidak ada kesinambungan antara kepribadian masa kanak-kanak dan kepribadian masa dewasa.
- Kepribadian masa kanak-kanak didorong oleh dorongan biologis primitif dan refleks, sementara kepribadian masa dewasa lebih psikologis dalam natur.
Sifat Kepribadian
- Sifat kepribadian adalah predisposisi untuk merespons dengan cara yang sama atau serupa terhadap stimulasi yang berbeda.
- Sifat kepribadian dapat diukur pada kontinum dan dipengaruhi oleh faktor sosial, lingkungan, dan budaya.
- Sifat kepribadian memiliki lima karakteristik:
- Mereka adalah nyata dan ada dalam diri kita.
- Mereka menentukan atau menyebabkan perilaku.
- Mereka dapat dibuktikan secara empiris.
- Mereka saling terkait.
- Mereka berbeda-beda dalam situasi yang berbeda.
Disposisi Pribadi
- Allport awalnya membagi sifat kepribadian menjadi dua: sifat individual dan sifat umum.
- Sifat individual adalah sifat yang unik dan mendefinisikan karakter seseorang.
- Sifat umum adalah sifat yang dibagi oleh beberapa orang, seperti anggota suatu budaya.
- Allport kemudian merevisi terminologinya dan mengganti sifat umum dengan disposisi pribadi.
- Disposisi pribadi adalah sifat yang tidak semua memiliki intensitas atau signifikansi yang sama.
- Disposisi pribadi dapat dibagi menjadi tiga: sifat kardinal, sifat sentral, dan sifat sekunder.
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Pendekatan psikologi yang mempelajari kepribadian individu dan masa lalu mereka. Kepribadian adalah organisasi dinamik antara individu dan sistem.